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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The academic study of communication is: old vs young? |
Old (began with Aristotle) |
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The academic study of communication: began where? |
Ancient Greece |
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In what time period was Aristotle alive? |
384-322 BCE |
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What type of speech did Aristotle focus on? |
Rhetoric/public speaking. NOT interpersonal communication |
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Name of organization in 1914? What did it focus on? |
National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking. - tried to bring focus to how speaking impacts others. - move away from the artistic side of speaking to the social scientific side (social science) |
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Name of organization in 1923? What did it focus on? |
National Association of Teachers of Speech. - included art back in - urbanization brought more interest to communication
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Name of organization in 1946? |
Speech Association of America |
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What happened in 1967? |
"Pragmatics of Human Communication" was published. Turned focus from intRApersonal to intERpersonal.
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The study of interpersonal communication began when? |
1967 |
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Name of organization in 1970? |
Speech Communication Association
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What happened in 1972? |
Edna Rogers completed the first doctoral dissertation and became the 'grandmother' of interpersonal communication.
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What was Edna Roger's relationship theory? |
Symmetrical relationships: two people are more alike than different
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Name of organization in 1997? Why is this significant? |
National Communication Association. People are mad because it doesn't include the word "speech" which is the foundation of communication. |
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Is it Communication or Communications? |
The study of Communication. |
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What is the definition of Communication? |
The continuous, complex, collaborative process of verbal and nonverbal meaning. It is multichanneled.
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What are the three models of communication? |
Linear. Interactive. Transactional. |
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Diagram the Linear model. |
SMCR. Sender -> Message channel -> Receiver |
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Diagram the Interactive model. |
SMCRF. Sender -> Message Channel -> Receiver -> feedback
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Diagram the transactional model. |
See notes. Communicator encodes message, sent through channel, receiver decodes message. Each person's individual oval is their environment/field of experience/context. Noise is the interference that disrupts communication.
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What is a symbol? |
Something that stands for something else.
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What does it mean when I say a symbol is arbitrary? |
There is no connection between the symbol and what it represents |
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What does it mean when I say a symbol is ambiguous? |
Symbols can be unclear. Sometimes one symbol could have multiple meanings |
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Which is not a symbol? - A hug to indicate support - A watering eye to indicate eye irritation - A smart phone to indicate wealth - A stop sign to indicate halting
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A watering eye to indicate eye irritation. The watering eye does have a connection between what it is and what it means.
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Communication is ______-dimensional |
Bi-dimensional. Communication has content (what you're trying to convey) and relational messages (how you're conveying it)
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Communication is always intentional: true or false? |
False. Communication can be unintentional. People can attach a meaning other than the intended meaning
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Communication is ______-bound. |
Communication is context-bound. It takes place at a specific time and place. Microcontext: 5:34 Tuesday November 3rd Macrocontext: we live in the U.S.
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No one form of communication is a _____________. (hint: is there one trusty way to communicate in all situations?) |
Panacaea. There isn't a rule of thumb that will work in every situation |
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Are communication skills learned or innate? |
Learned |
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Explain Quantitative interpersonal communication. |
focuses on interpersonal. Focuses on how many people are speaking. |
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Explain Qualitative interpersonal communication |
Focuses in interpersonal. What is the quality of your communication? |
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True or false? Communication between a mother and her son is always interpersonal. |
False. The mom could speak to her children as a whole, meaning that it's more quantitative and interpersonal. It's only qualitative if she speaks with him directly. |
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Explain I-it communication. |
Humans can be replaced by machines. |
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Explain I-you communication. |
The people involved in an I-you interaction aren't being personal.
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Explain I-thou communication. |
This occurs when we get involved in interpersonal relationships. Has a quality to it.
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According to Hardwig, what are personal relationships? |
The same as I-thou. Person qua person: we treat each other not as a means to an end, but an end in itself.
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Define Person qua person. |
Two people treat each other not as a means to an end but an end in itself. You're not with someone because you're afraid of being alone, but because you want to be with them forever.
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According to Hardwig, what is a quasi-personal relationship? |
relationships that are supposed to have interpersonal communication, but don't. Ex. Friends who only hang out, communication-less marriages.
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According to Hardwig, what is an impersonal relationship? |
The same as I-it communication. Humans can be replaced by robots. |
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What is a first order reality? |
Aspects of social life that are observable. Ex. Those people are students walking to class |
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What are second order realities? |
The interpretation of the first order reality. Ex. Those students must know each other, they're walking together. |
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What are the steps of perception? |
We select what we perceive (intra). We organize our thoughts (intra). We interpret our thoughts (intra). We negotiate our thoughts (inter). |
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What happens in step 1 of perception (selection)? |
We are attracted by a stimuli. Intense, repetitive, changing stimuli.
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What happens in step 2 of perception (organization)? |
We create schemas as to how things are supposed to work. This helps us to make constructs (physical, role, interactive, psychological) which help us determine if they're this or that. Ex. are they attractive or unattractive? |
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What is an organizational script? |
Something that teaches us how to act in specific situations. The schema that we create for that situation. Ex. be on time the first day of class.
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What happens in step 3 of perception (interpretation)? |
We have attributions (attach a meaning to a behavior), biases, and expectations.
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What are perceptional attributions? |
Locus of control (internal or external) Stability (stable or unstable in relation to frequency) - ex. she's grumpy all the time vs she's grumpy today Specificity (specific or global) |
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What are perceptual biases? |
Self-serving bias: we treat ourselves more charitably than others Confirmation bias: we seek our other impressions that support our opinion Fundamental attribution error: when somebody else does something good it's luck but if it's bad it's their fault Halo effect: if we have a positive first impression, they will view us positively in the future Horn effect: if we have negative first impressions, they will view us negatively in the future
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What are perceptual expectations? |
We expect other people to read our minds. |
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What happens in step 4 of perception (negotiation)? |
We build and understanding (empathy, surplus of seeing), perception check (restate occurrence, provide an explanation, and ask for clarification), or use the pillow method (think through the eyes of someone else).
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What is perception checking? |
When you have a conflict with someone, you restate the occurrence, provide realistic explanations, and then ask for clarification. |
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What is the pillow method? |
When we broaden our perspectives by thinking through someone else's eyes. 1. I'm right, you're wrong 2. You're right, I'm wrong 3. We're both right and wrong 4. The issue isn't important |
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What influences perception? |
Age, senses, health, fatigue, hunger, mood, self-concept, culture |
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How does culture impact perception? |
individualistic/collectivistic high/low context high/low power distance high/low uncertainty avoidance masculine/feminine orientation |
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What is high/low context? |
High context: nonverbal communication/indirect speech Low context: direct speech. what's on your mind |
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What is high/low power distance?
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Separation of power
High power distance: value hierarchy Low power distance: values equality |
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What is high/low uncertainty avoidance? |
High uncertainty avoidance: try to avoid uncertainty. Don't stray from tradition Low uncertainty avoidance: okay with change |
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What is the standpoint theory? |
How our position in society changes our view of society Ex. class, race, ethnicity, religion, sex |
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What is languages effective an ineffective uses? |
Effective use: maintain relationships Ineffective use: hurting relationships |
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3 Characteristics of language. |
Language is... Symbolic (arbitrary and ambiguous) Rule-governed Subjective |
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What are the rules of language? |
Phonetics, Syntactics, Semantics, Pragmatics
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What are phonetics? |
The way we pronounce sounds. Phonemes are particular sounds such as "F" "Ch" "B"
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What are syntactics? |
How you put your words into sentences. |
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What is semantics? |
The meaning of words. Morphemes: units of meaning - free: cat - bound: cat + s (must be attached) - (lol or lots of love)
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What are pragmatics? |
How you use a word. ex. fat vs phat. |
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Fact: Pragmatics help us to create our identities and manage the impressions that we give to others |
... |
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What is altercasting? |
How we use language to shape or create other people's identities? (do they prefer miss. mrs. or ms.) |
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Fact: pragmatics help us identify ourselves. Do we use our maiden name or our husband's name? Converging is doing what others are doing and diverging is doing what isn't typical. |
... |
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What is emotive langauge? |
When you choose your words and they reflect how you feel about a person (thrifty vs frugal)
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What is the sapir-whorf hypothesis? |
Lingustic relativism. There are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. --creates speech communities (people who share linguistic roles) |
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What is nonverbal communication? |
symbols other than words to communicate.
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What is receiver oriented nonverbal communication? |
Focused on the actions more than the words
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What is sender oriented nonverbal communication? |
We communicate verbally and nonverbally at the same time |
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What are the functions of nonverbal communication? |
Repeat a verbal message Compliment a verbal message Regulate verbal cues Substitute verbal language
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How is nonverbal language similar to verbal? |
They are both symbolic, rule-governed, and culture-bound |
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Which is more persuasive nonverbal or verbal? |
Nonverbal. |
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Nonverbal communication is ______-channeled |
Multi. facial expressions, chronemics, paralanguage, kinesics, haptics, chromatics, proxemics |
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Paul Eckman argues that we have ____ universal emotions and expressions |
Six. Anger, fear disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness |
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What are Chronemics? |
The use of time to communicate. Ex. coming too early to a job interview Has two orientations. Monochronic: time is highly structured Polychronic: time should be a loose measure |
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What is paralanguage? |
Using the voice to communicate through pitch, volume, pauses, and inflection.
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What is kinesics? |
The study of how we use our body to communicate. Ex. posture, gestures
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What are gestures? |
Movements we make from our elbows to our fingertips
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What are the different types of gestures? |
Emblems: gestures that have a culturally understood meaning Illustrators: gestures that compliment a verbal message Manipulators: nervous gestures |
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What are haptics? |
the use of touch to communicate |
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What are chromatics? |
The use of color to communicate. ex. don't wear white to a wedding
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What are the three ways that we can alter our appearance? |
Body endowment- the stable appearance of a person Body modification- the changes that we make to our bodies that are relatively permanent Body adornment- what we put on our body to change our appearance daily |
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What are proxemics? |
The use of space to communicate. Intimate- touch to 18 in. Personal: 18 in. - 4 feet (barrier behaviors: looking away) Social: 4 feet - 12 feet Public: 12 feet or beyond
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Environments/contexts |
Fields of experience that help them make sense of others' behavior. Not with a physical location, but also include your personal experiences and cultural background that you bring with you to a conversation. Environments overlap between participants |
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Richness |
An abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message. |
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Fundamental Gender Differences Theory |
Men and women are not similar and differences are the cause of social situations rather than biology. "Two-culture theory" |
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Important Gender Differences Theory |
Some genders are more likely to do some things than the other. We approach things differently. |
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Minor Gender Differences Theory |
There really aren't that many differences between men and women |
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Emblems |
Culturally understood substitutes for verbal expressions. |
