Interpersonal Communication C.1-3

Front 1

Culture shock

Back 1

occurs in 4 stages
1. stage one: the honeymoon- at first you experience fascination with the new culture and its people.
2. stage two: the crisis- the differences between your own culture and the new setting create problems. This is the stage at which you experience actual shock of the new culture.
3. stage three: the recovery- during this period you gain the skills necessary to function effectively. You learn the language and the ways of the new culture.
4. stage four: the adjustment- at this final stage you adjust to and come to enjoy the new culture and the new experiences. You may still experience periodic difficulties and strains but generally the experience is pleasant.

Front 2

Paraphrase

Back 2

This simply requires restating what the speaker has said in your own words, which helps ensure understanding, helps to show a level of interest in the speaker, and gives the speaker room to elaborate/further discuss his/her thoughts

Front 3

Impression Management

Back 3

Has to do with the processes you go through to communicate the impression you want others to have of you.


-You convey an impression of yourself through what you say (verbal messages) and how you act and dress as well as how you decorate your office or apartment (non verbal messages).

-You also communicate your self-image by whom you associate with.

seven strategies:

1) To be liked: Immediacy and affinity-seeking strategies
2) To be believed: Credibility strategies
3) To excuse failure: Self-handicapping strategies
4) To secure help: Self-deprecating strategies
5) To hide faults: Self-monitoring strategies
6) To be followed: Influencing strategies
7) To confirm self-image: Image-confirming strategies

Front 4

Perceptual Process

Back 4

The process by which one perceives a situation and/or persons impression

Front 5

Perception Stage One: Stimulation

Back 5

o sense organs are stimulated by a stimuli i.e. hear a new CD or smell someones perfume

o selective perception- you do not perceive everything rather you engage in selective attentiveness to things that stimulate you

o selective attention- You attend to those who you think will attend to your needs or wants

o Selective Exposure- You expose yourself to people or messages that will confirm your existing beliefs rather than confront them.

Front 6

Organization-
Proximity, Similarity, Contrast

Back 6

a) Things that are physically close to each other are perceived as a unit

b) Things that are physically similar are perceived to belong together i.e. sorority girls

c)people that do not appear to belong together are associated as being separate i.e. short man and tall woman

Front 7

Organization by Schemata

Back 7

- mental templates that help you to create general ideas about people you meet based on general ideas you have about people or yourself

- you develop these by your own experiences

Front 8

Organization by Scripts

Back 8

- really a type of schemata, but rather is an organized body of information about some action, event, or procedure. A genral idea about how something should unplay or unfold

Front 9

Stage Three Perception: Interpretation-Evaluation

Back 9

influenced by experiences that shape the way you expect things to happen, influenced by your rules, schemata and scripts i.e if someone is a college football player you would associate certain attributes with that.

Front 10

Stage Four Perception: Memory

Back 10

o All of the previous steps are stored in this step of the process, if you are told that Ben Williams is a college football player then you will associate him with being strong physically and academically weak during this step

o ^ this is however a stereotype and has much potential to be proven wrong

Front 11

Stage Five Perception: Recall

Back 11

o Accessing information you have stored in your memory

o If someone discusses a person that you met earlier you will remember your memory about that person.

o You’re likely to remember information that is consistent with your schema, even if it was never proven to be true

o information that is inconsistent with schemata is difficult to store and easily forgotten unless it drastically contradicts your schemata

Front 12

Johari Window

Back 12

explanation of self-awareness using four areas of “self” which represent the cohesive parts of a whole of a person

Front 13

Johari Window: open self

Back 13

information about you that both you and others know (ex: hair color, name, political affiliation)

Front 14

Johari Window: blind self

Back 14

things that others know about you but you yourself are not aware of (ex: saying ‘like’ a lot when speaking)

Front 15

Johari Window: hidden self

Back 15

everything that you know about yourself that you keep from others, anything you don't want to reveal (ex: problems at home, simple secrets)

Front 16

Johari Window: Unknown self

Back 16

truths about yourself that neither you or others know (ex: things that will happen in the future, illness)

Front 17

Halo effect

Back 17

function of implicit personality theory- tells you what characteristics go together. If you believe a person has some positive qualities, you're likely to infer that she or he also possesses other positive qualities. There is an opposite effect, which applies negative characteristics in an overarching manner.

Front 18

Importance of Listening

Back 18

Professional and relational benefits. Good listening is regarded as a great skill in today's professional society. Also, a great skill for any interpersonal relationship. Benefits and the purpose of listening also include: to learn, to relate, to influence, to play, and to help.

Front 19

Overattribution

Back 19

the tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to these characteristics

Example 1: If Sam was born into a wealthy family... "Sam is irresponsible because she never had to work a day in her life"

Front 20

Noise/interference

Back 20

anything that distorts a message, anything that prevents the receiver from receiving the message.

Types
Physical - interference that is external to both speaker and listener (screeching of passing car, illegible handwriting)
- Physiological - created by barriers within the sender or receiver (hearing loss, memory loss)
- Psychological - mental interference in speaker or listener (wandering thoughts, prejudices)
- Semantic - occurs when listener and speaker have different meaning systems (language, dialect)

Front 21

Effective Listening

Back 21

An effective interpersonal communicator is aware of and sensitive to the issues in contemporary society (92) Asking questions, deeply rooted with listening to what others share, is a simple technique

Front 22

Active Listening

Back 22

Interactive process of responding mentally, verbally, and nonverbally to a speakers message. (Glossary)

Front 23

Context

Back 23

involves physical, temporal, social-psychological, cultural elements between speaker and audience. It will be in the same tangible space, and it is very hard to control as it seems to be everywhere and anywhere. There is no give or take as it is between both people instantaneous. It is pretty much a very given and straightforward term that is not appreciated during communication.

Front 24

Ambiguity Tolerance

Back 24

A characteristic of culture referring to the degree to which members of a culture feel comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty.

Members of cultures with high (blank) do not feel threatened by unknown situations; uncertainty is a normal part of life, and people accept it as it comes. They minimize the importance of rules governing communication and relationships. People in these cultures readily tolerate individuals who do not follow the same rules as the cultural majority.

Members of cultures with low (blank) do much to avoid uncertainty and have a great deal of anxiety about not knowing what will happen next. They create very clear-cut rules for communication that must not be broken.

Front 25

Encoding

Back 25

refers to the action of an individual to produce messages. Speaking and writing. The terms "encoding" and "decoding" are used in order to show that two activities are performed by each individual. is imperative for interpersonal communication to occur.

Front 26

Individualist Culture

Back 26

is a culture in which members are more focused on unique, individual ideals. This type of culture fosters competitiveness and "standing out from the crowd". Members are responsible for themselves and their achievements. Competition for a "leadership role" in small groups is common, and the distinction between "leader" and "member" is clear cut. Independence is prized.
How it relates to interpersonal comm: Individualist members favor clarity and directness
(Examples: the U.S., Australia, Great Britain, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, etc.)
Think: "The early bird gets the worm."

Front 27

Collectivist Culture

Back 27

is a culture in which members are responsible for the entire group. Success is measured by your contribution to the group - if one fails, all fail. Pride taken in similarity. Leadership shared and rotated, and there is little distinction between leaders and members. However, there is distinction between "in group" and "out group" members. More willing to forgive. Cooperation is highly valued.
How it relates to interpersonal comm: Collectivist members favor "face saving" and the avoidance of hurting others or arousing negative emotions
(Examples: Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, Japan, Hong Kong (China), etc.)
Think: "One bad apple spoils the bunch."

Front 28

Power-Distance Cultures

Back 28

a measure of how much respect a culture has for authority. There can be both high power-distance cultures and low cultures.

Front 29

High Power Distance Cultures

Back 29

there is a high respect for those in postions of power like professors, bosses, or parents.

Front 30

Low Power Distance Cultures

Back 30

An example of this is an employee in the work place able to speak freely and on the same level as an equal to a boss or supervisor.

Front 31

Gender

Back 31

is the classification of the sexes into male or female. Though it is impossible to speak for everyone, certain traits are considered generally "masculine" or generally "feminine." For example, women focus more on rapport-building, are less direct, use intensifiers, are facially expressive, and occupy less space. On the other hand men, speak in report style, are more direct with language, occupy more space, and use language to establish control. This is important when examining interpersonal communication because men and women often communicate in fundamentally different ways. Page 30.

Front 32

Noxious People

Back 32

these people criticize and find fault with just about everything.
One should avoid these people, because they make people feel negatively about oneself.

Front 33

Feedback

Back 33

The messages sent to the speaker of a message concerning reactions to what he or she said. can be given by whoever is listening to the speaker or by the speaker when he or she hears the message that they say. For example, if you tell someone a joke and they laugh, then the listener's laugh, the reaction to what you said, is sent back to you, the speaker.

Front 34

Ambiguity

Back 34

When a message can be interpreted as having more than one meaning

Front 35

Inevitable: (Page 24-25)

Back 35

A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be avoided; all behavior in an interaction setting is communication. - In other words, communication will take place no matter what.

Front 36

Irreversible

Back 36

A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be reversed; once something has been communicated, it cannot be uncommunicated. In other words, after the communicated message has been received, you cannot take it back

Front 37

Unrepeatable

Back 37

A characteristic of communication referring to the fact that all communication acts are unique and can never be repeated exactly. This is because the circumstance is never the same, and the situation is always different.

Front 38

Enculturation

Back 38

is the process by which you learn the culture into which you're born. It allows for culture to be passed from generation to generation.

The people who help you learn your culture are most commonly parents, peer groups, schools, religious institutions, and government agencies. Leads to the development of ethnic identity

Front 39

Primacy vs. Recency

Back 39

it is when we tend to give more attention to the first impression or the last. If what comes first has the most influence, you have the primacy effect. If what comes last has the most influence, you have the recency effect.

No matter which effect you associate with, it tends to form your schema and once it is formed, we resist receiving information that contradicts it. The problem with this is that our schema may not always be correct.

Front 40

Irreversibility

Back 40

process can only move in one direction - cannot go back again
what you have communicated remains communicated; you cannot uncommunicate

Front 41

Ethnocentrism

Back 41

s defined as "the tendency to evaluate the values, beliefs, and behaviors of your own culture as being more positive, logical, and natural than those of other cultures.

Pros:
- Creation of cohesiveness (for example if an ethnic group is under attack)
- It forms the basis of patriotism and willingness to sacrifice for the benefit of the group.

Cons:
- May create obstacles to communication with those from different cultures.
- May lead to hostility toward outside groups.
- May blind you to seeing other perspectives, other values, and other ways of doing things.