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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Interpersonal Communication
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the verbal and nonverbal interaction between two (or more than two) interdependent people
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Selective
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IPC exists on a continuum of communication
Impersonal to Interpersonal Object to Human Being ex. best friend vs cashier |
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Systemic
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IPC is a system and is part of a system of systems
component in a large system: our relationships |
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Unique
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IPC has distinctive rules based on the relationship of individuals
ex. use certain words with parents vs friends |
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Ongoing
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IPC is a developmental process
it has a beginning, grows, changes, sometimes has an end it is dynamic |
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Interaction
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simultaneous senders and receivers in a dynamic process
we can be efficient but we can make a lot of mistakes |
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Personal Knowledge
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a process of self disclosure, we share who we are with each other through this process
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Shared Meanings
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IPC allows us to create and build meaning, we use a symbol system, we need to figure out within a certain interaction what a symbol means
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What is the field of communication?
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the academic study of messages
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Three Branches of Communication Studies
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Rhetoric - study of persuasive messages
Mass Media - study of medium of messages usually to large audiences Interpersonal - study of messages between people and between small groups |
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Four Subfield of Interpersonal
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Social influence - how do we influence people through our relationships
Relational - overall messages within personal relationships and romantic relationships usually focused on a process like breakups Family - sort of a branch of relational but only looks at family Health - a subfield of all three branches |
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6 Characteristics of IPC
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1. Involves interdependent individuals
2. Inherently relational 3. Exists on a continuum (impersonal to personal) 4. Involves verbal and nonverbal messages 5. exists in varied forms 6. varies in effectiveness |
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Elements of IPC
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1. Source-Reciever
2. Encoding-Decoding 3. Messages 4. Channel 5. Noise 6. Context 7. Ethics 8. Competence |
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Source-Receiver
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the source formulates and sends message and the receiver perceives and comprehends the message
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Encoding-Decoding
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encoding - producing messages
ex. speaking, writing decoding - understanding the messages ex. listening, reading |
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Messages (Elements of IPC)
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serve as stimuli
feedback messages and feedforward messages |
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Stimuli
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can be auditory, visual, ect
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Feedback Messages
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tells what affect the encoder is having on listeners
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Feedforward Messages
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information you provide before sending your primary message
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Channel
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the medium through which messages pass
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Types of Noise
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Physical Noise - impedes physical transmission of the message, external to speaker and listener
Physiological Noise - barriers within the sending or receiver ex. hearing loss Psychological Noise - mental interference in speaker or listener Semantic Noise - interference when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems |
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Signal to Noise Ratio
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compares the amount of useful and useless information
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Context (4 Dimensions)
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Physical Dimension - the tangible or concrete environment in which the communication takes place
Temporal Dimension - time and day, where a message fits into sequence of communication Social-Psychological Dimension (relational)- status relationships among the participants, roles, tone of the situation Cultural Dimension - the cultural beliefs and customs of the people communicating |
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Unrepeatability
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everyone and everything is constantly changing therefore you can never recapture the exact same act
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Inevitability
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many times you are communicating even though you might no think you are
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Irreversibility
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you cannot uncommunicate
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3 Techniques of Active Listening
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Paraphrase the speaker's meaning
Express the understanding of the speaker's feelings Ask questions |
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4 Dimensions of Listening
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Empathic vs. Objective listening
Nonjudmental vs Critical Listening - want to first be nonjudmental and hear them out so that you can eventually use critical listening to evaluate Surface and Depth listening - literal meaning vs. underlying meaning Active vs. Inactive - active means putting together whole of speaker's message and sending it back |
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Display Rules
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cultural rules that govern what nonverbal behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in a public setting
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Assimilation
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tendency to integrate and interpret what you hear to fit your own biases
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4 Listening Barriers
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Physical and Mental Distractions
Bias and Prejudices Lack of focus Premature Judgment |
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Physical Distractions vs. Mental Distractions
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Physical
ex. multitasking Mental ex. too emotional to listen |
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Irrelavancies
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hung up on one detail that prevents you from listening to the rest of the message
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Bias and Close-mindedness
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Bias
ex. won't listen to woman about politics Closed-mindedness ex. won't discuss gay marriage |
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Premature Judgment
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you think you know what they are going to say before they say it so you stop listening
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4 types of responding
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empathy
clarification challenging agreeing |
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5 stages of listening
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Receiving - note what is said and omitted
Understanding - grasp what speaker means Remembering - long term memory is unlimited Evaluating - judge messages, may look for underlying intentions Responding - back channeling cues while talking or one of the 4 responses afterward |
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3 fallacious forms of reasoning speakers may employ
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Name calling - applying a favorable or unfavorable label to color your perception
Testimonial - using positively or negatively viewed spokespersons to encourage or discourage acceptance or rejection of something Bandwagon - you should believe or do something because everyone's doing it |
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Affiliation and Dominance
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how much affection is there between us, our connection
tells us about power |
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Dimensions of Messages (3)
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Content - literal definition of symbols being used, objective translation of a symbol
Relational - the relationship between the people interacting, dominance and affiliation Involvement - tells us what to pay more attention to: affiliation or dominance |
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Channel
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the means or tool we use to send and receive a message
ex. voice, nonverbal communication |
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What model does mediated interpersonal communication more closely resemble?
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Linear Model
ex. email, texting |
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What does the linear model look like?
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source>encoding>channel>decoding>receiver
feedback goes back from receiver to source context surrounds whole thing |
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What are the two downsides to the linear model?
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it is one way and thus restricted
it gets difficult to think about complex interactions |
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What are the difference between the linear model and the interactional model?
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multiple messages over multiple channels at the same time
metamessages - messages about how the process is going, sometimes you give them to yourself sometimes to the other person much more dynamic |
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What are the differences between the interactional model and the transactional model?
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consider the context, the interaction is affected by the context and the context is affected by the interaction
unrepeatable, irreversible, inevitable |
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Measured time vs Perceived time
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Measured Time - conversation might be different if you only have 5 minutes to have a conversation, time of day, time of year
Perceived time - the way we interpret time, quality time, special time, wasted time, can feel rushed or can feel like forever based on the conversation |
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3 Parts of the Perception Process
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Selection - there are a lot of cues to pay attention to so we have to choose
Organization - figure out how the cues fit together to get meaning Interpretation -assign meaning, figure out what it all means |
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When do we slow down and notice the parts of the perception process?
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when cues are really complicated
confused, anxious, fearful |
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Principle of the Cognitive Miser
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idea that we as humans do not want to spend more mental energy than we have to, we are mentally lazy
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Which area of the perception process receives the least amount of attention and why?
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selection
psychology spends a lot of time there |
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Reasons to select certain cues (4)
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select cues that are different
ex. someone says something louder expectations - general societal norms and idiosyncratic knowledge motive - enter interaction with goal culture - sociologically driven to select certain cues |
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General Societal Norms
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sometimes we select things that may not even happen because we expect them to
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Idiosyncratic Knowledge
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we know something specific about the situation
ex. we would expect someone that hugs everyone all the time to do it even if its not a general norm |
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What is the most researched aspect of the perception process and why?
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organization
tons of mistakes happen here |
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Prototype
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a representative example of a group
ex. march sanchez, football player you dont have to figure out everything about every football player, already have a base |
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Personal Constructs
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a mental yardstick, continuum
two opposing endpoints for something to measure what we have ex. nice to not nice |
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Stereotypes
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set of characteristics associated with a group
schema |
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Stereotypes vs. Prototypes
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a prototype is a representative example of a group whereas a stereotype is a list of characteristics associated with a group, you dont have one person in mind with a stereotype
stereotypes are most robust, can last even if someone doesnt fit |
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3 ways to develop stereotypes
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own experiences
what we hear about other people's ideas about groups media |
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Contact Hypothesis
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initial group members with whom you interact have a disproportionate impact on forming a stereotype
stereotypes are formed early on |
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Attribution Process
and 3 parts |
Assigning meaning, coming up with an explanation
Locus Stability Responsibility |
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Locus (attribution)
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is what is happening internal or external to the situation?
Why were they short with me? internal - they dont like me external - they have a big test coming up |
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Stability (attribution)
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is this something that we expect to change anytime soon?
ex. they have a test - unstable ex. he is crazy - stable |
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Responsibility (attribution)
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can the person control the thing I am trying to figure out?
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Implicit Personality Theory
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we have assumptions about how people who, characteristics and behaviors that go together
halo effect and reverse halo effect |
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The Johari Window of Selves
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Open - known to others and self
Blind - known to others but not known to self Hidden - not known to others but known to self Unknown - no known to others or self |
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Self Esteem
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an evaluation of your self, value judgment about yourself
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General/Global Self Esteem
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Overall evaluation of yourself
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Physical/Academic Self Esteem
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more specific forms of evaluation self esteem
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Social Self Esteem
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evaluation of yourself in relationships and interactions
never talk about moderate, only talk about high or low group of interaction characteristics with social self esteem levels |
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Self Presentation Communication Style
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High social self esteem
someone who is very comfortable with themselves in social interactions and relationships, willingness to share information about the self, this person would do well in a variety of different social situations |
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Self Protective Communication Style
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Low social self esteem
evaluation that there are some social situations that I don't do well, style that is careful to protect the self |
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Self Concept vs. Self Esteem
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self concept is the way you see yourself
self esteem is the value you place on yourself |
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true
you act on your schema as if it were true and in doing so you make it true |
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Others influence our definition of self Implicitly and Explicitly (2)
and Society |
Implict - deduce from the way people interact with us and how we can perceive what other people are thinking
Explicit Direct Definition - just flat out say you are this... Identity Script - sort of a story forms a pattern about you ex. Immigration stories |
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Self Disclosure
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the process of communicating information about the self with others
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Influences on self disclosure
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Disclosure of others
Audience size Topic Valance Gender Relationship |
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How does disclosure of others affect self disclosure?
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Dydadic Effect - when one person self discloses, it encourages the other person to self disclose
Social Disclosure Theory - the way we build relationships is through self disclosing which encourages a cycle of self disclosure |
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Audience Size (self disclosure)
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the smaller the audience the more likely to self disclose
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Topic (self disclosure)
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how personal is the information you are sharing?
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Valance (self disclosure)
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Do I consider the information I am going to share about myself to be positive or negative?
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Gender (self disclosure)
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refers to the person and the gender of the person they are disclosing to, women engage in more self disclosure behavior than men and they tend to do it more with other women than with men
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Relationship (self disclosure)
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how will the relationship affect the disclosure?
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Two scholarly issues with self disclosure
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Intentionality - does it count if the person didn't mean to share the information?
Truthfulness - does it count if the person lied about the information? |
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Is listening just about decoding?
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no includes encoding also
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External Obstacles to Listening (3)
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Noise
Message Overload - too many messages Message Complexity - message is too complex |
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Internal Obstacles to Listening (4)
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Preoccupation - thinking about something else instead of the message
Prejudgment - assuming you already know what they are going to say Lack of effort Lack of sensitivity - not paying attention to both the content and relationship content of the message |
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Types of non-listening
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Pseudo-listening
Monopolizing Selective Listening Defensive Listening Ambushing Literal Listening |
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Pseudolistening
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on the outside you appear to be listening but really you are thinking about something else
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Monopolizing
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attempting to shift the focus of the conversation to yourself
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Selective Listening
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you are really engaging in the listening process but only for parts that fit your own motivations
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Defensive Listening
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you hear personal attacks when they are not really there
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Ambushing
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you really listen carefully because you are listening for that thing that the person is going to say that will allow you to attack them
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Literal Listening
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only paying attention to the content dimension and completely ignoring the relational dimension of the message
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Communication Competence
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ability to choose among communicative behaviors to accomplish one's interpersonal goals while maintaining the face of others within the constraints of the situation
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Importance of Communication Competence
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individual trait that can be measured, changed, and improved upon
unique to the communication field about making choices |
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Dimensions of Communication Competence
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General competence - basic level of skill, vocabulary, ability to manipulate symbols
Empathy - ability to share other people's emotions Affiliation/Support - ability to show people we like them Flexibility - ability to change directions, adjust, adapt Social Relaxation - feel comfortable in a variety of situations |
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Face
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social role, social actor, idea of a mask (ex. son, bf), need the other person to help you play that role
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Self monitors
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a high self monitor is more aware of how face is being maintained, put more thought into what they are going to say
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Positive and Negative Face Needs
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Positive - our need to be appreciated and approved of by the people we are interacting with, need them to recognize and appreciate the role you are playing
Negative - need to be free of imposition and intrusion, need the other person to not trample on our control, respect |
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Face Threatening Act
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when you have to violate a person's face, show that you don't approve of the role or intrude on the role
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Politeness and the Two Types
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minimize the effects of our face threatening acts
Positive - trying to fix the face that they may feel their role is not appreciated or approved of ex. breakups Negative - trying to fix the fact that they may feel like you are intruding on or imposing upon their role ex. I'll give you some gas money if you drive me to this place |
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interdependent
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what one person does has an impact on the other person
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asyncronous
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does not take place in real time, you can send your message now but the receiver may not get it for a while
ex. email |
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syncronous
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messages occur at the same time
ex. IM |
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choice points
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moments when you have to make a choice as to who you communicate with, what you say, what you don't say, how you phrase it, ect.
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ambiguity
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a message is ambiguous if it can be interpreted as having more than one meaning
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Symmetrical vs Complementary Relationships
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Symmetrical - the two individuals mirror each other's behavior, if one nags, the other nags
Complementary - the behavior of one serves as the stimulus for the other's complementary behavior, people occupy different positions, one superior and one inferior ex. student, teacher |
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affirmation
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a statement asserting that something is true, positive statements about yourself
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perpetual accentuation
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process which leads you to see what you expect to want to see
ex. hungry people take less visual cues to perceive food objects |
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primacy effect vs recency effect
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primary - if what comes first exerts the most influence
recency - if what comes last exerts the most influence |
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consistency
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the tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes
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self-serving bias
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when we take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative
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overattribution
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tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics and attribute everything that person does to this one or these two characteristics
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fundamental attribution error
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we assess someone's behavior and overvalue internal influence (someone's personality) and undervalue external factors (the context or situation the person is in)
ex. when pat is late for an appointment, you are more likely to think hes late because hes inconsiderate than the fact that he may have had a flat tire |
