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119 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
tariffs
a tax on imports, used to protect domestic producers from foreign competition
subsidies
direct payments to producers to help them remain profitable
quotas
a numerical limit on the amount of a certain item that can be imported
international political economy
the two-way relationship between international politics and international economics
liberalization
reducing barriers to trade (increasing free trade)
globalization
a process in which international trade increases relative to domestic trade; in which the time it takes for goods, people, information, and money to flow across borders and teh cost of moving them are decreasing; and in which the world is increasingly defined by single markets rather than by many separate markets
fiscal and monetary policies
the two major ways in which governments can influence their economies.

Fiscal policy refers to government budgets, and in particular whether they are in surplus or deficit. When economic growth is slow, running a budget deficit (spending more money than the government takes in through taxes) can stimulate economic growth.
Monetary policy refers to the government's ability to influence the economy through its control over interest rates.
theory of comparative advantage
a theory developed by the English economist David Ricardo to show logically how and why trade is beneficial to both partners
zero-sum game
a situation in which any gains by one side are offset by losses for another; the positive gains of one side and the losses (negative gains) of the other side add up to zero
balance of trade
exports minus imports (measured in dollar value); a net accounting of how much in the way of goods and services is exported from a country compared to how much is imported
fair trade
a narrower approach to free trade that advocates retaliation against states that are perceived as "cheating" on free trade by using various barriers to trade to stimulate their economies
exchange rate
the price of one currency in terms of another
competitive devaluation
competition between states to have the lowest-valued currency in order to boost domestic employment
protectionism
measures taken by states to limit their imports
mercantilism
a trading doctrine that focused on state power in a conflictual world. it was based on the idea that the overall amount of wealth in the world was fixed by the amount of precious metals. Therefore, international trade was a zero-sum game, in which one state could gain only at the expense of another. the goal of every state was to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate more money.
Adam Smith and David Ricardo effectively demolished the notion on which mercantilism was based, that the amount of wealth in the world was fixed.
globalization in chapter 10
a process in which international trade increases relative to domestic trade; in which the time it takes for goods, people, information, and money to flow across borders and the cost of moving them are decreasing; and in which the world is increasingly defined by single markets rather than by many separate markets
bretton woods system
the system that guided economic arrangements among the advanced industrial states in the post-World War II era. It included the GATT, the fixed exchange rate system, the IMF, and the World Bank. Bretton Woods was a resort in New Hampshire where the negotiations took place
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
The main trade provision of the Bretton Woods System.
Initiated in 1946, the GATT lasted until 1995, when it was replaced by a stronger version embodied in the WTO
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Signed in 1994, it included provisions from the GATT and the GATS was added, the main change in the WTO was the development of an enforcement mechanism that allows states to challenge each other's laws.
reciprocity
an arrangement whereby two states agree to have the same tariffs on each others' goods
non-discrimination
a principle guiding tariff plicy that requires a country to apply equal tariffs on all of its trading partners; also referred to as the "most favored nation" principle
classical mercantilism
belief that states maximize their own wealth at the expense of other states.

example: Britain in the 18th century used hegemonic power to create an international economic system where they could exploit places to benefit themselves
neo-mercantilism
belief that states should maximize wealth through a positive balance of trade (export more than you import)
protectionism
policies that promote exporting more than importing (tariffs and non-tariff barriers of trade)
example of non-tariff barrier
subsidies to domestic producers (helps sell more products overseas)
example of neo-mercantilism
China 20th and 21st centuries
classical liberalism
originates from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, two british economists, as a response to classical mercantilism.

theory that focused on "absolute gains" a belief that states should pursue economic prosperity through minimal government interference in the economy and through international trade
adam smith wrote
wealth of nations
comparative advantage
david ricardo's theory: all countries should produce what they are relatively more efficient at producing and all countries involved would benefit.
economic liberalism
free market capitalism and trade

example: britain and france in the 19th and 20th centuries
neo-liberalism
states should encourage trade by eliminating the barriers to trade like tariffs (free trade)
neo-liberalism policies
free trade(low or no tariffs)

removing barriers to foreign investment (no more than 10% of our oil industry will be foreign owned because of fear of exploitations and flow of a portion of profits going out of their country)

privatize government owned industries (minimal govt involvement in economy)

reducing govt regulations of private industries
how did neo-liberalism begin?
started after WWII - britain and the u.s. were the main countries involved - many jumped on board, but a lot of countries did not do well and went back to a more mercantilistic approach
classical marxism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - it is a more radical approach - the capitalist class or "bourgeoise" exploits the labor class or "proletariat" and this leads to alienation and that leads to class consciousness and then revolution and labor creates a workers' society

bourgeoise exploits --- alienation --- class conscience --- revolt
marxism-lenism
a subset of classical marxism
theory of imperialism
from the view of the exploited group: imperialism will lead to revolution, but unlike Marxism (which revolution takes place in advanced industrial states initially), revolution starts out in the marginal or exploited states
neo-marxism
emphasizes belief that underdevelopment in the "third world" (global south) is caused by the inferior position of these countries in the global capitalist economy

in order to fix this, they say the third world needs to take themselves out of the global economy
big names in neo-marxism
andre gunder frank

immanuel wallenstein
Neo-liberals would largely be
conservatives in the U.S.
what are the three main pillars of the post-WWII international economic system established at the United Nations Monetary and Financial "Bretton Woods" Conference in 1944?
International Financial Regime

International Trade Regime

International Economic Development Regime
International Financial Regime is made up of
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

IMF Conditionality Principle

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
International Trade Regime is made up of
International Trade Organization (ITO)

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)

Most-Favored Nation Principle (MFN)

World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Economic Development Regime is made up of
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ("World Bank")

European Recovery Program ("Marshall Plan")
Bretton Woods Monetary System (Dollar-Gold Standard)
1/35 ounce of gold ---> U.S. dollar

Exchange rates were "fixed" by the governments of the countries, but the rates could be adjusted (devalued) if necessary (IMF approval was necessary for adjustments greater than 10%)

Foreign currencies could be exchanged for other foreign currencies based on their value relative to the U.S. dollar
Bretton Woods Monetary System
In 1945, the U.S. held about 65% of the world's gold totaling 26 billion (out of 40 billion)

Participating countries were required to join the IMF and deposit a certain amount of hard and soft currency
hard currency
(gold or U.S. dollar)
soft currency
national currency
Bretton Woods Monetary System
U.S. abandoned the system in august 15, 1971
International Trade Regime
Charter of the International Trade Organization approved in Havana, Cuba in March 1948
International Trade Regime
General Agreement on trade and Tariffs (GATT) was signed by 23 countries including the U.S. and Britain, on January 1, 1948
main objective of GATT
was to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers (subsidies and quotas) to trade among the countries signing and ratifying the treaty
GATT negotiations
took palce between 1948 and 1994, consisted of eight different rounds trade talks, including "Tokyo Round" (1973-1979) and the "uruguay Round" (1986-1994)
GATT rules
required all GATT participants to grant "most favored nation" (MFN) status to all other GATT participants (also known as "normal trade relations")
MFN status
means that all GATT negotiations, the 123 participating countries agreed to establish the WTO.

the WTO entered into force on January 1, 1995
main objectives of the WTO
to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, to promote trade negotiations (Doha round, 2001-present), to oversee the implementation of trade agreements, and to provide a mechanism for resolving trade disputes
Regional trading blocs (regional trade regimes) exist within the current international trade regime
European Free Trade Area (EFTA)

North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)

Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur)

Central American Common Market (CACM)

Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA)

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
Other proposed regional trade blocs
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP)

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)

East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA)
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development "World Bank" was formally established
on December 27, 1945
main objective of the World Bank was
initially to assist in financing through loans the reconstruction of Europe following WWII. France received the World Bank's first loan (250 million) in 1947
today the World Bank:
provides loans to developing countries for education, health, agriculture, roads, environmental protection, and other development projects
European Recovery Program "marshall plan"
from 1048 to 1954, the U.S. provided grants to European countries to rebuild their economies (17 billion)
the World Bank is owned by
the member-states who deposit funds in the bank. Loans to member-states are approved or disapproved on the basis of voting by the World Bank's Board of Governors

Each member-state's pernetage of the total votes in teh bank (voting weights) is determined by its share of the bank's deposits

in 2006, the U.S. held 16.4% of the total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5 %, Britain 4.3%, and France 4.3%.

Major decisions by the bank require an 85% super-majority
in addition to the World Bank, there are several "regional" and "subregional" development banks and funds throughout the world including:
the African Development Bank

Asian Development Bank

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

Islamic Development Bank (IDB)

OPEC Fund for Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)

East African Development Bank (EADB)

West African Development Bank (WADB)
What is the institutional structure and decision-making process of the WTO?
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE (MC)

GENERAL COUNCIL (GC)

GOODS COUNCIL, SERVICES COUNCIL, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COUNCIL

WTO SECRETARIAT
WHAT IS THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF THE IMF?
BOARD OF GOVERNORS

BOARD OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
IMF VOTING WEIGHTS (CHART)
U.S. - 16.79%

JAPAN - 6.02%

GERMANY - 5.88%

FRANCE - 4.86%

UNITED KINGDOM - 4.86%

CHINA - 3.66%
WHAT IS THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF THE WORLD BANK?
1. THE WORLD BANK ---> INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

2. BOARD OF GOVERNORS

3. BOARD OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
WHAT IS THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX? (HDI)
HAS BEEN USED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) SINCE 1993 AND IS A COMPARATIVE MEASURE OF LIFE EXPECTANCY, LITERACY, EDUCATION, AND STANDARDS OF LIVING FOR COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD
THE HDI IS USED BY
THE UNDP AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND STATES TO DISTINGUISH THE EXTENT TO WHICH A COUNTRY IS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED (CATEGORIES OF OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
THE HDI IS ESSENTIALLY BASED ON THREE DIFFERENT CRITERIA
LIFE EXPECTANCY

ADULT LITERACY RATE

AND STANDARD OF LIVING (MEASURED BY PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT-GDP)
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT?
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (1ST WORLD) ---1.000 - .800

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2ND WORLD) ----.799 - .600

UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES (3RD WORLD) ----.599-.500

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCS OR 4TH WORLD) ----.499 - 0
SELECTED LIST OF COUNTRIES BY HDI
ICELAND - .968 (#1)

CANADA - .967 (#3)

JAPAN - .956 (#8)

FRANCE - .955 (#11)

U.S. - .950 (#15)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY HDI
TURKEY
THAILAND
UKRAINE
IRAN
JORDAN
CHINA
PHILIPPINES
EGYPT
SOUTH AFRICA
INDIA
UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
SOLOMON ISLANDS
CAMBODIA
PAKISTAN
KENYA
SUDAN
BANGLADESH
HAITI
CAMEROON
TANZANIA
SENEGAL
LEAST-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
NIGERIA
UGANDA
RWANDA
ETHIOPIA
CHAD
MOZAMBIQUE
LIBERIA
D.R. CONGO
CENTRAL AFR. REP.
SIERRA LEONE
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
ICELAND
CANADA
JAPAN
FRANCE
U.S.
U.K.
GERMANY
MEXICO
BRAZIL
RUSSIA
WHAT ARE THE MAIN THEORIES OF ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT?
MODERNIZATION THEORY (NE0-LIBERAL)

DEPENDANCY THEORY (NEO-MARXISM)

WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY (NEO-MARXISM)
WHAT ARE THE MAIN CATEGORIES AND TYPES OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (FOREIGN ASSISTANCE)?
BILATERAL DONORS (U.S.)

MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
BILATERAL DONORS
U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) [GRANT]
MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS
UNICEF [GRANT]

WORLD BANK [LOAN]
IMF [LOAN]

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) [FOOD]

WORLD FOOD PROGRAM (WFP) [FOOD]

UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) [TECHNICAL]

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) [TECHNICAL]
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGS OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICE (CRS) [SMALL LOAN PROGRAM]

CARE INTERNATIONAL [FOOD]

HEIFER INTERNATIONAL [FOOD]
LARGEST RECIPIENTS OF U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN 2004
IRAQ
ISRAEL
EGYPT
AFGHANISTAN
COLOMBIA
JORDAN
PAKISTAN
LIBERIA
PERU
ETHIOPIA
BOLIVIA
TURKEY
UGANDA
SUDAN
INDONESIA
LARGEST RECIPIENTS OF JAPANESE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
CHINA
INDONESIA
INDIA
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
PAKISTAN
THAILAND
AZERBAIJAN
BANGLADESH
PERU
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE (GCC)
REFERS TO GRADUAL CHANGES IN THE WORLD'S CLIMATE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, INCLUDING CHANGES IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
GCC CAN INCLUDE
BOTH GLOBAL COOLING AND GLOBAL WARMING DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE IS GRADUALLY DECLINING OR GRADUALLY RISING OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
GCC FACTS
OVER THE PAST THREE BILLION YEARS, THERE HAVE BEEN AT LEAST FOUR MAJOR PERIODS OF GLOBAL COOLING OR ICE AGES ON EARTH
DURING THE INTERGLACIAL PERIODS
GLOBAL WARMING HAS GENERALLY OCCURRED
GCC FACTS
IN THE PAST 1200 YEARS OR SO, THERE HAVE BEEN THREE RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF GCC

MEDIEVAL WARMING PERIOD (800-1300 C.E.)

LITTLE ICE AGE (1300-1850 C.E.)

MODERN WARMING PERIOD (1850-PRESENT C.E.)
GCC FACTS
THE MOST RECENT PERIOD OF GLOBAL WARMING (1850-PRESENT), WHICH COINCIDES WITH THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, HAS RESULTED IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURES WARMING MORE THAN ANYTIME IN THE PAST 1000 OR MORE YEARS
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN RECENT DECADES?
VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S ORBIT AROUND THE SUN

CHANGES IN TEH SUN'S INTENSITY (SOLAR ACTIVITY)

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (VOLCANIC AEROSOLS AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS)
WHAT ARE THE HUMAN CAUSES OF GCC?
INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS RESULTING LARGELY FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES
GREEN HOUSE GASES ARE MADE UP OF
CARBON DIOXIDE

METHANE

NITROUS OXIDE
CONSEQUENCES OF GCC
RISING AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURES

DROUGHT AND WILDFIRES IN SOME LOCATIONS (RELEASING MORE CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE)

HEAVY RAINFALL AND FLOODS IN OTHER LOCATIONS

CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL YIELDS

EXTREME WEATHER PATTERN (HURRICANES TORNADOS)

SPREAD OF CERTAIN DISEASES (MALARIA)

MELTING GLACIERS AND RISING SEA LEVELS

ECOSYSTEM SHIFTS AND EXTINCTION OF VULNERABLE SPECIES (PERHAPS 18% TO 35% OF ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES)

MELTING PERMAFROST PEAT BOGS IN WESTERN SIBERIA AND RUSSIA (RELEASING MORE METHANE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE)
WHAT ARE STEPS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAVE TAKEN TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG?
1992 UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)

1997 UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE "KYOTO PROTOCOL"

2001 BONN AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTING THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

COPENHAGEN AGREEMENT 2009
WHAT IS OZONE DEPLETION
REFERS TO THE DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF OZONE IN THE EARTH'S UPPER ATMOSPHERE (STRATOSPHERE)
OZONE LAYER
THE OZONE LAYER IN THE STRATOSPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING EARTH FROM THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION BY ABSORBING UV RADIATION.

THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IS NOT ABSORBED BY THE OZONE LAYER
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
SINCE THE LATE 1970S THERE HAS BEEN A DEPLETION OF MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF THE OVERALL AMOUNT OF OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE

SCIENTISTS HAVE ALSO OBSERVED THAT DURING PART OF EACH YEAR (SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER) THERE HAS BEEN A 50 TO 70 PERCENT REDUCTION IN THE AMOUNT OF OZONE ABOVE THE CONTINENT OF ANTARCTICA KNOWN AS TEH OZONE HOLE
CAUSES OF OZONE DEPLETION
THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF OZONE DEPLETION IS THE DESTRUCTION OF OZONE MOLECULES BY CHLORINE ATOMS IN THE STRATOSPHERE. OZONE IS NATURALLY DESTROYED AND PRODUCED IN THE STRATOSPHERE THROUGH EXPOSURE TO UV RADIATION
CAUSES OF OZONE DEPLETION
THE MAIN SOURCE OF CHLORINE ATOMS ARE HUMAN-PRODUCED (ANTHROPOGENIC) CHEMICALS INCLUDING CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS, WHICH ARE ALSO KNOWN AS FREONS. BEFORE 2000, CRCS WERE COMMONLY USED IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AS REFRIGERANTS, SOLVENTS, HOME INSULATION, AIR CONDITIONERS, FIRE EXTINGUISHER AGENTS, AEROSOL PROPELLANTS, AND STYROFOAM PACKAGING
CFCS
ARE VERY STABLE, AND THEY DO NOT DISSOLVE IN RAIN IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE (TROPOSPHERE). INSTEAD, THEY EVENTUALLY REACH THE STRATOSPHERE WHERE UV RADIATION SPLITS OFF CHLORINE ATOMS FROM THE CFCS

THE CHLORINE ATOMS THEN BREAK DOWN OZONE BY ATTACHING THEMSELVES TO OXYGEN MOLECULES. A SINGLE CHLORINE ATOM CAN DESTROY 100,000 OZONE MOLECULES OVER A TWO YEAR PERIOD.

CFCS CAN REMAIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR 100 YEARS
CONSEQUENCES OF OZONE DEPLETION
SINCE THE OZONE LAYER ABSORBS UV RADIATION FROM THE SUN, OZONE DEPLETION RESULTS IN INCREASED LEVELS OF UV RADIATION ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

OZONE PROTECTS HUMANS FROM THE SUN'S HARMFUL UV RADIATION. LOWER LEVELS OF OZONE WILL RESULT IN MORE CASES OF SKIN CANCER IN HUMANS.

HIGHER LEVELS OF UV RADIATION ALSO AFFECT PLANKTON IN THE OCEAN (PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON) AND SOME AGRICULTURAL CROPS (RICE) WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO UV RADIATION
WHAT STEPS HAS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TAKEN TO DEAL WITH OZONE DEPLETION?
U.S., CANADA, SWEDEN, AND NORWAY AGREEMENT (1978)

VIENNA CONVENTION (1985)

MONTREAL CONVENTION (OR MONTREAL PROTOCOL) (1987)

LONDON AMENDMENTS TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL (1990)

COPENHAGEN AMENDMENTS TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL (1992)
THE MONTREAL CONVENTION OR MONTREAL PROTOCOL IN 1987 LED
TO A 50% REDUCTION OF CFCS
DEFORESTATION
REFERS TO THE PERMANENT DESTRUCTION OF INDIGENOUS OR VIRGIN FORESTS (INCLUDING TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS) AND WOODLANDS AROUND THE WORLD
DEFORESTATION
SOME 50% OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED IN THE PAST 150 YEARS, INCLUDING SOME 70% OF THE FORESTS IN AFGHANISTAN, 90% IN THE PHILIPPINES, 95% OF THE FORESTS IN MADAGASCAR, 98% IN ETHIOPIA, AND 99% IN HAITI
DEFORESTATION
NIGERIA CURRENTLY HAS THE WORLD'S HIGHEST RATE OF DEFORESTATION (MORE THAN 10% PER YEAR FROM 2000 TO 2005)
DEFORESTATION
BRAZIL CURRENTLY HAS THE HIGHEST OVERALL LEVEL OF DEFORESTATION PER YEAR (ALMOST 3.5 MILLION HECTACRES, OR 8.7 MILLION ACRES)
DEFORESTATION
SOME 30 TO 40 MILLION ACRES (12 TO 16 MILLION HECTARES) OF FORESTS ARE CLEARED EACH YEAR AROUND THE WORLD
DEFORESTATION SPECIES
SOME 70% TO 90% OF EARTH'S SPECIES ARE LOCATED IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
CLEAR-CUTTING FORESTS AND WOODLANDS FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS TO FEED GROWING POPULATIONS, TO GROW CASH CROPS FOR EXPORT, TO GRAZE CATTLE FOR BEEF PRODUCTION

CLEAR-CUTTING FORESTS AND WOODLANDS FOR COMMERCIAL LOGGING (SUPPLYING THE WORLD MARKET WITH WOODS SUCH AS TEAK AND MAHOGANY, AND PAPER)

CUTTING TREES FOR FIREWOOD AND BUILDING MATERIALS

ACID RAIN CASUED BY INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION HAS RESULTED IN THE DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS IN EUROPE
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE (GLOBAL WARMING)

CHANGES IN THE WATER CYCLE

SOIL EROSION

LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

LOSS OF INDIGENOUS CULTURES
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
HYDROSPHERE:

RUNOFF INCREASES

TURBIDITY INCREASES

AQUATIC HABITAT DEGRADED

FLOW OF WATER CHANGES

WATER TEMP NEAR BANK RISES
MORE FLASH FLOODS

SEDIMENT AT MOUTH OF RIVERS

LESS O2 IN WATERWAYS
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
ATMOSPHERE:

LESS CO2 TAKEN IN, BURNED TREES ADDS EVEN MORE CO2 WHICH TRAPS HEAT WHICH CUASES MORE EVAPORATION WHICH LEADS TO MORE PRECIPITATION, MORE SUNLIGHT REACHES SURFACE, LESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INCREASED RISK OF FIRE
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GEOSPHERE:

INCREASED EROSION FROM WIND AND WATER, TOP-SOIL CARRIED AWAY, LESS WOOD FOR FUEL, CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER PRODUCTS

DECREASE IN LEAR LITTER, LOSS OF MINERALS (CARBON, NITROGEN)

SOIL DEPLETED QUICKER
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
BIOSPHERE:

LOSS OF VEGETATION, DECREASED HABITAT, DECREASE IN NUMBER OF SPECIES, DECREASE OF DIVERSITY, INFLUX OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES, INCREASED INFESTATIONS, CHANGE IN FOOD SUPPLY, DECREASE OF POLLINATORS AND SEED DISPERSERS LOSS OF HUMAN CULTURAL DIVERSITY, CRITTERS WASHED AWAY WITH SOIL
WHAT STEPS HAS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TAKEN TO DEAL WITH DEFORESTATION?
DEFORESTATION WAS ON THE AGENDA AT THE UN'S CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OR EARTH SUMMIT HELD IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL IN 1992, BUT THERE WAS NO CONSENSUS ON A LEGALLY-BINDING DEFORESTATION AGREEMENT.

DEFORESTATION HAS REMAINED ON THE UN'S AGENDA THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON FORESTS, WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE UN'S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL IN 2000

TEH UNFF ADOPTED A NON-LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT REGARDING DEFORESTATION ON APRIL 28, 2007. THE DOCUMENT WAS INTENDED TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR "NATIONAL ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"
WHAT IS STOPPING US FROM TAKING DRASTIC STEPS FOR DEFORESTATION?
THE COST
UN forum on forests UNFF
established in 2000 by the ECOSOC
currency floats means:
currency value would be determined by supply and demand