Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tariffs
|
a tax on imports, used to protect domestic producers from foreign competition
|
|
subsidies
|
direct payments to producers to help them remain profitable
|
|
quotas
|
a numerical limit on the amount of a certain item that can be imported
|
|
international political economy
|
the two-way relationship between international politics and international economics
|
|
liberalization
|
reducing barriers to trade (increasing free trade)
|
|
globalization
|
a process in which international trade increases relative to domestic trade; in which the time it takes for goods, people, information, and money to flow across borders and teh cost of moving them are decreasing; and in which the world is increasingly defined by single markets rather than by many separate markets
|
|
fiscal and monetary policies
|
the two major ways in which governments can influence their economies.
Fiscal policy refers to government budgets, and in particular whether they are in surplus or deficit. When economic growth is slow, running a budget deficit (spending more money than the government takes in through taxes) can stimulate economic growth. Monetary policy refers to the government's ability to influence the economy through its control over interest rates. |
|
theory of comparative advantage
|
a theory developed by the English economist David Ricardo to show logically how and why trade is beneficial to both partners
|
|
zero-sum game
|
a situation in which any gains by one side are offset by losses for another; the positive gains of one side and the losses (negative gains) of the other side add up to zero
|
|
balance of trade
|
exports minus imports (measured in dollar value); a net accounting of how much in the way of goods and services is exported from a country compared to how much is imported
|
|
fair trade
|
a narrower approach to free trade that advocates retaliation against states that are perceived as "cheating" on free trade by using various barriers to trade to stimulate their economies
|
|
exchange rate
|
the price of one currency in terms of another
|
|
competitive devaluation
|
competition between states to have the lowest-valued currency in order to boost domestic employment
|
|
protectionism
|
measures taken by states to limit their imports
|
|
mercantilism
|
a trading doctrine that focused on state power in a conflictual world. it was based on the idea that the overall amount of wealth in the world was fixed by the amount of precious metals. Therefore, international trade was a zero-sum game, in which one state could gain only at the expense of another. the goal of every state was to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate more money.
Adam Smith and David Ricardo effectively demolished the notion on which mercantilism was based, that the amount of wealth in the world was fixed. |
|
globalization in chapter 10
|
a process in which international trade increases relative to domestic trade; in which the time it takes for goods, people, information, and money to flow across borders and the cost of moving them are decreasing; and in which the world is increasingly defined by single markets rather than by many separate markets
|
|
bretton woods system
|
the system that guided economic arrangements among the advanced industrial states in the post-World War II era. It included the GATT, the fixed exchange rate system, the IMF, and the World Bank. Bretton Woods was a resort in New Hampshire where the negotiations took place
|
|
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
|
The main trade provision of the Bretton Woods System.
Initiated in 1946, the GATT lasted until 1995, when it was replaced by a stronger version embodied in the WTO |
|
World Trade Organization (WTO)
|
Signed in 1994, it included provisions from the GATT and the GATS was added, the main change in the WTO was the development of an enforcement mechanism that allows states to challenge each other's laws.
|
|
reciprocity
|
an arrangement whereby two states agree to have the same tariffs on each others' goods
|
|
non-discrimination
|
a principle guiding tariff plicy that requires a country to apply equal tariffs on all of its trading partners; also referred to as the "most favored nation" principle
|
|
classical mercantilism
|
belief that states maximize their own wealth at the expense of other states.
example: Britain in the 18th century used hegemonic power to create an international economic system where they could exploit places to benefit themselves |
|
neo-mercantilism
|
belief that states should maximize wealth through a positive balance of trade (export more than you import)
|
|
protectionism
|
policies that promote exporting more than importing (tariffs and non-tariff barriers of trade)
|
|
example of non-tariff barrier
|
subsidies to domestic producers (helps sell more products overseas)
|
|
example of neo-mercantilism
|
China 20th and 21st centuries
|
|
classical liberalism
|
originates from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, two british economists, as a response to classical mercantilism.
theory that focused on "absolute gains" a belief that states should pursue economic prosperity through minimal government interference in the economy and through international trade |
|
adam smith wrote
|
wealth of nations
|
|
comparative advantage
|
david ricardo's theory: all countries should produce what they are relatively more efficient at producing and all countries involved would benefit.
|
|
economic liberalism
|
free market capitalism and trade
example: britain and france in the 19th and 20th centuries |
|
neo-liberalism
|
states should encourage trade by eliminating the barriers to trade like tariffs (free trade)
|
|
neo-liberalism policies
|
free trade(low or no tariffs)
removing barriers to foreign investment (no more than 10% of our oil industry will be foreign owned because of fear of exploitations and flow of a portion of profits going out of their country) privatize government owned industries (minimal govt involvement in economy) reducing govt regulations of private industries |
|
how did neo-liberalism begin?
|
started after WWII - britain and the u.s. were the main countries involved - many jumped on board, but a lot of countries did not do well and went back to a more mercantilistic approach
|
|
classical marxism
|
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - it is a more radical approach - the capitalist class or "bourgeoise" exploits the labor class or "proletariat" and this leads to alienation and that leads to class consciousness and then revolution and labor creates a workers' society
bourgeoise exploits --- alienation --- class conscience --- revolt |
|
marxism-lenism
|
a subset of classical marxism
|
|
theory of imperialism
|
from the view of the exploited group: imperialism will lead to revolution, but unlike Marxism (which revolution takes place in advanced industrial states initially), revolution starts out in the marginal or exploited states
|
|
neo-marxism
|
emphasizes belief that underdevelopment in the "third world" (global south) is caused by the inferior position of these countries in the global capitalist economy
in order to fix this, they say the third world needs to take themselves out of the global economy |
|
big names in neo-marxism
|
andre gunder frank
immanuel wallenstein |
|
Neo-liberals would largely be
|
conservatives in the U.S.
|
|
what are the three main pillars of the post-WWII international economic system established at the United Nations Monetary and Financial "Bretton Woods" Conference in 1944?
|
International Financial Regime
International Trade Regime International Economic Development Regime |
|
International Financial Regime is made up of
|
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
IMF Conditionality Principle Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) |
|
International Trade Regime is made up of
|
International Trade Organization (ITO)
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) Most-Favored Nation Principle (MFN) World Trade Organization (WTO) |
|
International Economic Development Regime is made up of
|
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ("World Bank")
European Recovery Program ("Marshall Plan") |
|
Bretton Woods Monetary System (Dollar-Gold Standard)
|
1/35 ounce of gold ---> U.S. dollar
Exchange rates were "fixed" by the governments of the countries, but the rates could be adjusted (devalued) if necessary (IMF approval was necessary for adjustments greater than 10%) Foreign currencies could be exchanged for other foreign currencies based on their value relative to the U.S. dollar |
|
Bretton Woods Monetary System
|
In 1945, the U.S. held about 65% of the world's gold totaling 26 billion (out of 40 billion)
Participating countries were required to join the IMF and deposit a certain amount of hard and soft currency |
|
hard currency
|
(gold or U.S. dollar)
|
|
soft currency
|
national currency
|
|
Bretton Woods Monetary System
|
U.S. abandoned the system in august 15, 1971
|
|
International Trade Regime
|
Charter of the International Trade Organization approved in Havana, Cuba in March 1948
|
|
International Trade Regime
|
General Agreement on trade and Tariffs (GATT) was signed by 23 countries including the U.S. and Britain, on January 1, 1948
|
|
main objective of GATT
|
was to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers (subsidies and quotas) to trade among the countries signing and ratifying the treaty
|
|
GATT negotiations
|
took palce between 1948 and 1994, consisted of eight different rounds trade talks, including "Tokyo Round" (1973-1979) and the "uruguay Round" (1986-1994)
|
|
GATT rules
|
required all GATT participants to grant "most favored nation" (MFN) status to all other GATT participants (also known as "normal trade relations")
|
|
MFN status
|
means that all GATT negotiations, the 123 participating countries agreed to establish the WTO.
the WTO entered into force on January 1, 1995 |
|
main objectives of the WTO
|
to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, to promote trade negotiations (Doha round, 2001-present), to oversee the implementation of trade agreements, and to provide a mechanism for resolving trade disputes
|
|
Regional trading blocs (regional trade regimes) exist within the current international trade regime
|
European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) Central American Common Market (CACM) Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) |
|
Other proposed regional trade blocs
|
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP) Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA) |
|
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development "World Bank" was formally established
|
on December 27, 1945
|
|
main objective of the World Bank was
|
initially to assist in financing through loans the reconstruction of Europe following WWII. France received the World Bank's first loan (250 million) in 1947
|
|
today the World Bank:
|
provides loans to developing countries for education, health, agriculture, roads, environmental protection, and other development projects
|
|
European Recovery Program "marshall plan"
|
from 1048 to 1954, the U.S. provided grants to European countries to rebuild their economies (17 billion)
|
|
the World Bank is owned by
|
the member-states who deposit funds in the bank. Loans to member-states are approved or disapproved on the basis of voting by the World Bank's Board of Governors
Each member-state's pernetage of the total votes in teh bank (voting weights) is determined by its share of the bank's deposits in 2006, the U.S. held 16.4% of the total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5 %, Britain 4.3%, and France 4.3%. Major decisions by the bank require an 85% super-majority |
|
in addition to the World Bank, there are several "regional" and "subregional" development banks and funds throughout the world including:
|
the African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Islamic Development Bank (IDB) OPEC Fund for Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) East African Development Bank (EADB) West African Development Bank (WADB) |
|
What is the institutional structure and decision-making process of the WTO?
|
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE (MC)
GENERAL COUNCIL (GC) GOODS COUNCIL, SERVICES COUNCIL, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COUNCIL WTO SECRETARIAT |
|
WHAT IS THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF THE IMF?
|
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
BOARD OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS |
|
IMF VOTING WEIGHTS (CHART)
|
U.S. - 16.79%
JAPAN - 6.02% GERMANY - 5.88% FRANCE - 4.86% UNITED KINGDOM - 4.86% CHINA - 3.66% |
|
WHAT IS THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF THE WORLD BANK?
|
1. THE WORLD BANK ---> INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
2. BOARD OF GOVERNORS 3. BOARD OF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS |
|
WHAT IS THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX? (HDI)
|
HAS BEEN USED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) SINCE 1993 AND IS A COMPARATIVE MEASURE OF LIFE EXPECTANCY, LITERACY, EDUCATION, AND STANDARDS OF LIVING FOR COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD
|
|
THE HDI IS USED BY
|
THE UNDP AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND STATES TO DISTINGUISH THE EXTENT TO WHICH A COUNTRY IS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED (CATEGORIES OF OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
|
|
THE HDI IS ESSENTIALLY BASED ON THREE DIFFERENT CRITERIA
|
LIFE EXPECTANCY
ADULT LITERACY RATE AND STANDARD OF LIVING (MEASURED BY PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT-GDP) |
|
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT?
|
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (1ST WORLD) ---1.000 - .800
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2ND WORLD) ----.799 - .600 UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES (3RD WORLD) ----.599-.500 LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCS OR 4TH WORLD) ----.499 - 0 |
|
SELECTED LIST OF COUNTRIES BY HDI
|
ICELAND - .968 (#1)
CANADA - .967 (#3) JAPAN - .956 (#8) FRANCE - .955 (#11) U.S. - .950 (#15) |
|
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY HDI
|
TURKEY
THAILAND UKRAINE IRAN JORDAN CHINA PHILIPPINES EGYPT SOUTH AFRICA INDIA |
|
UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
|
SOLOMON ISLANDS
CAMBODIA PAKISTAN KENYA SUDAN BANGLADESH HAITI CAMEROON TANZANIA SENEGAL |
|
LEAST-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
|
NIGERIA
UGANDA RWANDA ETHIOPIA CHAD MOZAMBIQUE LIBERIA D.R. CONGO CENTRAL AFR. REP. SIERRA LEONE |
|
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY HDI
|
ICELAND
CANADA JAPAN FRANCE U.S. U.K. GERMANY MEXICO BRAZIL RUSSIA |
|
WHAT ARE THE MAIN THEORIES OF ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT?
|
MODERNIZATION THEORY (NE0-LIBERAL)
DEPENDANCY THEORY (NEO-MARXISM) WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY (NEO-MARXISM) |
|
WHAT ARE THE MAIN CATEGORIES AND TYPES OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (FOREIGN ASSISTANCE)?
|
BILATERAL DONORS (U.S.)
MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS |
|
BILATERAL DONORS
|
U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) [GRANT]
|
|
MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS
|
UNICEF [GRANT]
WORLD BANK [LOAN] IMF [LOAN] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) [FOOD] WORLD FOOD PROGRAM (WFP) [FOOD] UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) [TECHNICAL] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) [TECHNICAL] |
|
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGS OF FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
|
CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICE (CRS) [SMALL LOAN PROGRAM]
CARE INTERNATIONAL [FOOD] HEIFER INTERNATIONAL [FOOD] |
|
LARGEST RECIPIENTS OF U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN 2004
|
IRAQ
ISRAEL EGYPT AFGHANISTAN COLOMBIA JORDAN PAKISTAN LIBERIA PERU ETHIOPIA BOLIVIA TURKEY UGANDA SUDAN INDONESIA |
|
LARGEST RECIPIENTS OF JAPANESE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
|
CHINA
INDONESIA INDIA VIETNAM PHILIPPINES PAKISTAN THAILAND AZERBAIJAN BANGLADESH PERU |
|
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE (GCC)
|
REFERS TO GRADUAL CHANGES IN THE WORLD'S CLIMATE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, INCLUDING CHANGES IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
|
|
GCC CAN INCLUDE
|
BOTH GLOBAL COOLING AND GLOBAL WARMING DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE IS GRADUALLY DECLINING OR GRADUALLY RISING OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
|
|
GCC FACTS
|
OVER THE PAST THREE BILLION YEARS, THERE HAVE BEEN AT LEAST FOUR MAJOR PERIODS OF GLOBAL COOLING OR ICE AGES ON EARTH
|
|
DURING THE INTERGLACIAL PERIODS
|
GLOBAL WARMING HAS GENERALLY OCCURRED
|
|
GCC FACTS
|
IN THE PAST 1200 YEARS OR SO, THERE HAVE BEEN THREE RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF GCC
MEDIEVAL WARMING PERIOD (800-1300 C.E.) LITTLE ICE AGE (1300-1850 C.E.) MODERN WARMING PERIOD (1850-PRESENT C.E.) |
|
GCC FACTS
|
THE MOST RECENT PERIOD OF GLOBAL WARMING (1850-PRESENT), WHICH COINCIDES WITH THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, HAS RESULTED IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURES WARMING MORE THAN ANYTIME IN THE PAST 1000 OR MORE YEARS
|
|
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN RECENT DECADES?
|
VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S ORBIT AROUND THE SUN
CHANGES IN TEH SUN'S INTENSITY (SOLAR ACTIVITY) VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (VOLCANIC AEROSOLS AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS) |
|
WHAT ARE THE HUMAN CAUSES OF GCC?
|
INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS RESULTING LARGELY FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES
|
|
GREEN HOUSE GASES ARE MADE UP OF
|
CARBON DIOXIDE
METHANE NITROUS OXIDE |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF GCC
|
RISING AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURES
DROUGHT AND WILDFIRES IN SOME LOCATIONS (RELEASING MORE CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE) HEAVY RAINFALL AND FLOODS IN OTHER LOCATIONS CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL YIELDS EXTREME WEATHER PATTERN (HURRICANES TORNADOS) SPREAD OF CERTAIN DISEASES (MALARIA) MELTING GLACIERS AND RISING SEA LEVELS ECOSYSTEM SHIFTS AND EXTINCTION OF VULNERABLE SPECIES (PERHAPS 18% TO 35% OF ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES) MELTING PERMAFROST PEAT BOGS IN WESTERN SIBERIA AND RUSSIA (RELEASING MORE METHANE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE) |
|
WHAT ARE STEPS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAVE TAKEN TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANG?
|
1992 UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
1997 UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE "KYOTO PROTOCOL" 2001 BONN AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTING THE KYOTO PROTOCOL COPENHAGEN AGREEMENT 2009 |
|
WHAT IS OZONE DEPLETION
|
REFERS TO THE DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF OZONE IN THE EARTH'S UPPER ATMOSPHERE (STRATOSPHERE)
|
|
OZONE LAYER
|
THE OZONE LAYER IN THE STRATOSPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING EARTH FROM THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION BY ABSORBING UV RADIATION.
THE SUN'S ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IS NOT ABSORBED BY THE OZONE LAYER |
|
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
|
SINCE THE LATE 1970S THERE HAS BEEN A DEPLETION OF MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF THE OVERALL AMOUNT OF OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE
SCIENTISTS HAVE ALSO OBSERVED THAT DURING PART OF EACH YEAR (SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER) THERE HAS BEEN A 50 TO 70 PERCENT REDUCTION IN THE AMOUNT OF OZONE ABOVE THE CONTINENT OF ANTARCTICA KNOWN AS TEH OZONE HOLE |
|
CAUSES OF OZONE DEPLETION
|
THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF OZONE DEPLETION IS THE DESTRUCTION OF OZONE MOLECULES BY CHLORINE ATOMS IN THE STRATOSPHERE. OZONE IS NATURALLY DESTROYED AND PRODUCED IN THE STRATOSPHERE THROUGH EXPOSURE TO UV RADIATION
|
|
CAUSES OF OZONE DEPLETION
|
THE MAIN SOURCE OF CHLORINE ATOMS ARE HUMAN-PRODUCED (ANTHROPOGENIC) CHEMICALS INCLUDING CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS, WHICH ARE ALSO KNOWN AS FREONS. BEFORE 2000, CRCS WERE COMMONLY USED IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AS REFRIGERANTS, SOLVENTS, HOME INSULATION, AIR CONDITIONERS, FIRE EXTINGUISHER AGENTS, AEROSOL PROPELLANTS, AND STYROFOAM PACKAGING
|
|
CFCS
|
ARE VERY STABLE, AND THEY DO NOT DISSOLVE IN RAIN IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE (TROPOSPHERE). INSTEAD, THEY EVENTUALLY REACH THE STRATOSPHERE WHERE UV RADIATION SPLITS OFF CHLORINE ATOMS FROM THE CFCS
THE CHLORINE ATOMS THEN BREAK DOWN OZONE BY ATTACHING THEMSELVES TO OXYGEN MOLECULES. A SINGLE CHLORINE ATOM CAN DESTROY 100,000 OZONE MOLECULES OVER A TWO YEAR PERIOD. CFCS CAN REMAIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR 100 YEARS |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF OZONE DEPLETION
|
SINCE THE OZONE LAYER ABSORBS UV RADIATION FROM THE SUN, OZONE DEPLETION RESULTS IN INCREASED LEVELS OF UV RADIATION ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
OZONE PROTECTS HUMANS FROM THE SUN'S HARMFUL UV RADIATION. LOWER LEVELS OF OZONE WILL RESULT IN MORE CASES OF SKIN CANCER IN HUMANS. HIGHER LEVELS OF UV RADIATION ALSO AFFECT PLANKTON IN THE OCEAN (PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON) AND SOME AGRICULTURAL CROPS (RICE) WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO UV RADIATION |
|
WHAT STEPS HAS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TAKEN TO DEAL WITH OZONE DEPLETION?
|
U.S., CANADA, SWEDEN, AND NORWAY AGREEMENT (1978)
VIENNA CONVENTION (1985) MONTREAL CONVENTION (OR MONTREAL PROTOCOL) (1987) LONDON AMENDMENTS TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL (1990) COPENHAGEN AMENDMENTS TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL (1992) |
|
THE MONTREAL CONVENTION OR MONTREAL PROTOCOL IN 1987 LED
|
TO A 50% REDUCTION OF CFCS
|
|
DEFORESTATION
|
REFERS TO THE PERMANENT DESTRUCTION OF INDIGENOUS OR VIRGIN FORESTS (INCLUDING TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS) AND WOODLANDS AROUND THE WORLD
|
|
DEFORESTATION
|
SOME 50% OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED IN THE PAST 150 YEARS, INCLUDING SOME 70% OF THE FORESTS IN AFGHANISTAN, 90% IN THE PHILIPPINES, 95% OF THE FORESTS IN MADAGASCAR, 98% IN ETHIOPIA, AND 99% IN HAITI
|
|
DEFORESTATION
|
NIGERIA CURRENTLY HAS THE WORLD'S HIGHEST RATE OF DEFORESTATION (MORE THAN 10% PER YEAR FROM 2000 TO 2005)
|
|
DEFORESTATION
|
BRAZIL CURRENTLY HAS THE HIGHEST OVERALL LEVEL OF DEFORESTATION PER YEAR (ALMOST 3.5 MILLION HECTACRES, OR 8.7 MILLION ACRES)
|
|
DEFORESTATION
|
SOME 30 TO 40 MILLION ACRES (12 TO 16 MILLION HECTARES) OF FORESTS ARE CLEARED EACH YEAR AROUND THE WORLD
|
|
DEFORESTATION SPECIES
|
SOME 70% TO 90% OF EARTH'S SPECIES ARE LOCATED IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
|
|
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
|
CLEAR-CUTTING FORESTS AND WOODLANDS FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS TO FEED GROWING POPULATIONS, TO GROW CASH CROPS FOR EXPORT, TO GRAZE CATTLE FOR BEEF PRODUCTION
CLEAR-CUTTING FORESTS AND WOODLANDS FOR COMMERCIAL LOGGING (SUPPLYING THE WORLD MARKET WITH WOODS SUCH AS TEAK AND MAHOGANY, AND PAPER) CUTTING TREES FOR FIREWOOD AND BUILDING MATERIALS ACID RAIN CASUED BY INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION HAS RESULTED IN THE DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS IN EUROPE |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
|
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE (GLOBAL WARMING)
CHANGES IN THE WATER CYCLE SOIL EROSION LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY LOSS OF INDIGENOUS CULTURES |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
|
HYDROSPHERE:
RUNOFF INCREASES TURBIDITY INCREASES AQUATIC HABITAT DEGRADED FLOW OF WATER CHANGES WATER TEMP NEAR BANK RISES MORE FLASH FLOODS SEDIMENT AT MOUTH OF RIVERS LESS O2 IN WATERWAYS |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
|
ATMOSPHERE:
LESS CO2 TAKEN IN, BURNED TREES ADDS EVEN MORE CO2 WHICH TRAPS HEAT WHICH CUASES MORE EVAPORATION WHICH LEADS TO MORE PRECIPITATION, MORE SUNLIGHT REACHES SURFACE, LESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INCREASED RISK OF FIRE |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
|
GEOSPHERE:
INCREASED EROSION FROM WIND AND WATER, TOP-SOIL CARRIED AWAY, LESS WOOD FOR FUEL, CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER PRODUCTS DECREASE IN LEAR LITTER, LOSS OF MINERALS (CARBON, NITROGEN) SOIL DEPLETED QUICKER |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
|
BIOSPHERE:
LOSS OF VEGETATION, DECREASED HABITAT, DECREASE IN NUMBER OF SPECIES, DECREASE OF DIVERSITY, INFLUX OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES, INCREASED INFESTATIONS, CHANGE IN FOOD SUPPLY, DECREASE OF POLLINATORS AND SEED DISPERSERS LOSS OF HUMAN CULTURAL DIVERSITY, CRITTERS WASHED AWAY WITH SOIL |
|
WHAT STEPS HAS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TAKEN TO DEAL WITH DEFORESTATION?
|
DEFORESTATION WAS ON THE AGENDA AT THE UN'S CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OR EARTH SUMMIT HELD IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL IN 1992, BUT THERE WAS NO CONSENSUS ON A LEGALLY-BINDING DEFORESTATION AGREEMENT.
DEFORESTATION HAS REMAINED ON THE UN'S AGENDA THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON FORESTS, WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE UN'S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL IN 2000 TEH UNFF ADOPTED A NON-LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT REGARDING DEFORESTATION ON APRIL 28, 2007. THE DOCUMENT WAS INTENDED TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR "NATIONAL ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION" |
|
WHAT IS STOPPING US FROM TAKING DRASTIC STEPS FOR DEFORESTATION?
|
THE COST
|
|
UN forum on forests UNFF
|
established in 2000 by the ECOSOC
|
|
currency floats means:
|
currency value would be determined by supply and demand
|