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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conflict
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A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation.
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Settlement
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Ultimate outcome of bargaining
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Two Types of Conflict
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Tangible and Intangible
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Most pervasive kind of conflict
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Economic Conflict
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Tangible Conflict
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(interests)
Economic Territorial Control of Gov't |
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Intangible Conflicts
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(Ideas-Ones identity)
Ethnic Religious Idealogical |
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realist view on why war breaks out
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Choice to go to war is normal and reflects rational decisions of national leaders: They can achieve more by going to war then by being peaceful. Calculated
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Opposing realist view
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It is not rational to go to war political leaders deviate from rationality when deciding to do so. Reasons for this are Cognitive Bias, Group think, informations screens...
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Liberalist point of view on international conflict
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focus on diplomacy an win win benefits to solve... not all conflict is resolved by violence
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deterrence
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Build up military and threaten to stop war
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Cycle theories
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War comes about in waves because of economic tendencies (50 years)
War is 100 year cycle based on decay and creation of world order. At best these theories only explain general tendencies toward war in the international system over time. |
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Linear Long term change
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War is becoming increasingly unlikely because of globalisation (End of History)
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War Distasteful
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Beacuse of international norms war is becoming much like slavery or dueling; once accepted now obsolete.
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economic COnflict
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most pervasive, in a global capitalist market, all economic exchanges involve some conflict of interest.
Don't usually lead to war |
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Theory of Lateral pressure
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economic grth of sts leads to geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders. Connects t economic competition to inernational security
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Drug Trafficking
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illegal trade across international borders, smuggling, which deprives states of revenue and violates states legal control of their borders.
IE. cocaine cartels in columbia |
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Territorial disputes
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Territory valued more passionately then any other aspect of state.
The cost of most territorial disputes appear to outweigh any economic benefits that the territory in question could provide. IE Peru and ecuador moutainous region worth nothing, Okinotori(reef), spratly islands |
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Irredentism
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Attempting to regain territory lost to another state.
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view of Territory after WW2
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GOv'ts come and go but borders remain.
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secession
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rarely succeeds, wars can be large and deadly and almost are never won by the secessor. spillover.
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Ethnic cleansing
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IE) serbs killing non-serbs in croatia and bosnia after yugoslavia was broken up.
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Territorial Waters
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no universal law but a norm is within three miles off shore are considered territory but sovereignty comes into question. UNCLOS generally allows 12 mile limit for shipping rights and 200 mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covering fishing and mineral rights (but allowing free-navigation by all) conflicts IE gulf of sidra
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Airspace
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Any airspace above territory. state permission is needed to fly over another territories.
outer space is considered international territory like the oceans. |
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COntrol of government
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in theory states don't interfere with eachother because of soveriegnty yet in actuality states use a variety of means of leverage to influence gov'ts in their favor. very likely to lead to violence
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Conflicts of Ideas (intangible)
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ethnic, religion, idealogical
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ethnic conflict
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Ethnic group- groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity.
stems from One group thinks has a hatred for another |
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Ethnocentrism
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(in-group bias) is tendency to see one;s own group in favorable and an out-group in unfavorable terms. creates self reinforcing process of ethnic devision reverse happens for outgroup
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Dehumanized
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stripped of all human rights
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religious conflict
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often the most central and visible division between groups.
this happens because of the core values of religion |
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Fundamentalist movements
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Challenge the practices of secular political organizations
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Idealogical conflict
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much like relgious it symbolizes and intesifies conflicts between groups and state more then it causes them.
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revolution
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short term they do change international relations, they make wars more likely, but not because of idealogies because of quickly changed governments alter alliances and change balance of powers.
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hegemonic war
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war over control of the entire world order--the rule of the international system as a whole,
AKA--World War, general war, or systematic war. Probably won't occur again unless civilization is wiped out. |
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Total War
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One state wants to conquer and occupy the another. Reach capital city and force surrender of gov't.
IE)2003 Iraq war |
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Limited War
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military action to obtain some ends short of capital surrender and complete dominion.
IE) raids |
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Civil War
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War between factions within a state trying to create or prevent new gov't...
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Guerrilla War
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Warfare without front lines. often in the midst of civilians cities.
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counterinsurgency
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an effort to combat guerrilla warfare by winning over the hearts and minds of the civillians sheltering the geurrillas.
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Terrorism
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refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
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State Sponsored terrorism
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refers to the use of terrorst groups by states--usually under control of the states intelligence agency--to achieve political aims.
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World Order
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Self-interested yet realize through regulations and rules can get great gains. Avoiding costly outcome when cooperation breaks down and force takes over.
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International Anarchy
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doesn't mean no rules, order, structure simply means that states surrender soveriegnty to no one.
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International norms
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expectations held by state leaders about normal international relations. closely related to moral norms/morality.
IE) iraq invades kuwait=Immoral against international norm. |
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Habitually legitimate
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norms are gain favor over time because they are seen as legitimate and become habitual
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IO
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International organizations- IGO such as UN and NGO such as international committee of the red cross.
The growth of these organizations speaks strongly for interdependency. |
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UN system
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closest thing to a world gov't that has ever existed yet isn't quite. It acknowledges that states are unwilling to give up their soveriegnty.
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UN Charter
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based on the notion that states are equal under international law, state have full sovereignty over their own affairs, states should have full independence and territorial integrity, and that states should carry out international obligations.
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UN as a
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Mechanism for conflict resolution
Forum to talk about their disputes symbol of international order and global indentity |
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UN General Assembly
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all states present
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UN security council
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five great powers and ten rotating member states make decisions about international peace and security.
Define threat, structure response and enforce its decisions. |
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UN secretariat
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Executive Branch led by secretary general of the UN
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Sources of International Law
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Treaties, custom, general principles of law (such as equity), legal scholarships (including past judicial decisions).
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Treaties
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most important source. If signed and ratified then must be observed (pacta sunt servanda). IE) UN charter
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Custom
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If states behave in a certain way towards each other for a long time their behavior is considered an unwritten law which both are expected to follow. Tends to be positivist, draws on actual customs, the practical realities of self-interest and the need for consent.
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General principles of Law
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IE) theft and assualt in most legal systems are seen as breaking the law. this is easy to see.
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legal scholarship
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lowest form of international law and only the very highest select scholars are able to preside or even give evidence in a case.
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Enforcement
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Depends heavily on reciprocity (tit for tat)
Sanctions (become a pariah) reprisals |
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World Court
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branch of UN, 15 judges, not used widely.
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international cases in national courts
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US gives bigger settlements and most organizations trade or have soemthing to do with US.
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Diplomatic Recognition
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Embassy rights diplomats are accredited to each others gov'ts.
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Diplomatic Immunity
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Even when they leave embassy grounds. beyond jursidiction of the host countries courts.
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Amnesty international
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Watches over international human rights without showing partiality.
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Extradition
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A legal treaty arrangement between states that allows a state to ask a second state to arrest and return a suspected criminal to the first state
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pariah
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A sanctioned state that becomes cut off from the world community is a
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Chemical weapons
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Agents which disrupt the functions of the human body, killing or paralyzing enemy troops or populations
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Biological
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are toxic substances that can create diseases and epidemics when launched against enemy troops or populations.
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National Security Agency
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believed to have the most powerful computer facility in the world
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Four Functions of Force
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Defense, deterrence, Compellence, and Swaggering
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Swaggering
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FLaunting their forceful muscles, Nuke tests, air shows, want to intimidate others
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Compellence
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Drive someone to change behavior
Iraq in kuwait and bush's "this will not stand" if this can be done it can also defend and deterr |
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Defend
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the ability to withstand invasions, doesn't mean in can deter or compel. very expensive
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Deterrence
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Prevent a future action by another state.
IE)cold war arms race both sides tried to deter. |
