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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stability-instability paradox
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an international relations theory regarding the effect of nuclear weapons and mutually assured destruction. It states that when two countries each have nuclear weapons, the probability of a direct war between them greatly decreases, but the probability of minor or indirect conflicts between them increases. This occurs because rational actors want to avoid nuclear wars, and thus they neither start major conflicts nor allow minor conflicts to escalate into major conflicts—thus making it safe to engage in minor conflicts. For instance, during the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union never engaged each other in warfare, but fought proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan and spent substantial amounts of money and manpower on gaining relative influence over the third world.[1]
More recently this effect can be seen in the India-Pakistan relationship |
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absolute advantage
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the ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms using the same amount of effort and resources
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comparative advantage
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the ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other goods or services, such that its resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. the comparison is to the efficiency of other economic activities
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opportunity cost
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is the cost related to the next-best choice available to someone who has picked among several mutually exclusive choices
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Autarky
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is the quality of being self-sufficient. Usually the term is applied to political states or their economic policies.
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Tariffs
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are usually associated with protectionism, a government's economic policy of controlling trade between nations for the better of its own. For political reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods
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quota
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quantitative limits placed on the import of particular goods
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Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
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one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model. It states: "A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.
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Stolper-Samuelson Theorem
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a basic theorem in Heckscher–Ohlin type trade theory. It describes a relation between the relative prices of output goods and relative factor rewards, specifically, real wages and real returns to capital.
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Ricardo-Viener theorem
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A specific factors model with a single specific factor in each industry and one mobile factor, named after two of the many who used this as the standard model of trade prior to the Heckscher-Ohlin Model.
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portfolio investment
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The purchase of stocks, bonds, and money market instruments by foreigners for the purpose of realizing a financial return, which does not result in foreign management, ownership, or legal control.
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Kyoto Protocol
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a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming
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Environmental Performance Index
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a method of quantifying and numerically benchmarking the environmental performance of a country's policies
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Military-industrial complex
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a concept commonly used to refer to policy relationships between governments, national armed forces, and the industrial sector that supports them.
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cooperation and deterrence
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cooperation- an interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the status quo through the threat of force
deterrence-an effort to protect the status quo through use of force |
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The Treaties of Westphalia were signed in
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b. 1648
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John Mearsheimer’s theory of international politics is commonly referred to as
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Offensive Realism
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The Treaty of Versailles was signed in
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1919
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Who gave “Six principles of Political Realism”
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Hans Morgenthau
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Anarchy, in IR theory, refers to
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c. Lack of central (supranational) authority
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According to President George W. Bush, “Axis of Evil” countries include
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Iran, Iraq and North Korea
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Who was the U.S. President when League of Nations was formed
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Woodrow Wilson
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When did Nazi Germany invade Poland
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September 1939
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The alliance between Hitler and Stalin before the Second World War was referred to
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the “bargaining range”?
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Possible outcomes that states can agree to without going to war
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Compellence is
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The attempt to change the status quo by threatening to use force
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Deterrence
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The attempt to preserve the status quo by threatening to use force
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Which President cautioned about the “military-industrial complex
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Dwight Eisenhower
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According to Mearsheimer, amount of fear in international politics is highest in the following distribution of power:
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Unbalanced multipolarity
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If war is costly, why would domestic actors be willing to risk a conflict?
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The costs and benefits are not evenly distributed among domestic actors
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How does decision-making differ in democracies and in nondemocratic countries
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Leaders in democracies have to consider the opinion of the public because they have to win elections
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Which of the following would be considered an interest group in the United States?
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the Cuban American National Foundation, a Florida-based group seeking increased democracy in Cuba
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Which of the following would be considered a collective security organization?
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the League of Nations
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Which of the following is an example of compellence
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the United States threatening Cuba with war if it did not remove Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis
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Before World War I, which countries were in the Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria, Italy
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What is the trade-off between the credibility of alliances and keeping control of alliance partners?
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The more committed an ally is to the alliance, the more difficult it is to control the partner
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Gulf War (1990) is an example of
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peace-enforcing operation
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Schumpeter‟s liberal pacifism suggests that
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capitalism and democracy are forces of peace
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Which one of the following is an example of “offensive alliance
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
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All of the following are examples of solutions to coordination problems except
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Peacekeepers separating two armies in a civil war to stop the conflict
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What kind of a problem does prisoners dilemma illustrate
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Collaboration
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The „pareto-frontier‟ represents
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the range of possible beneficial outcomes for two actors when they cooperate
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The peace of Westphalia in 1648
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marked the beginning of modern state system
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Hans Morgenthau‟s theory of international politics is commonly referred to as
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Human Nature Realism
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Which country does not have veto power in the Security Council
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Germany
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What is a collective security organization
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Organizations formed around a public interest in promoting peace, which all states are presumably sharing, and they help facilitate collective action.
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Differentiate between peace-keeping and peace-enforcing operations
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A peacekeeping operation maintains peace after an interstate or civil war. A peace-enforcing operation establishes peace among warring parties.
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What is bargaining?
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An interaction in which actors must choose outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another. Bargaining is redistributive: it involves allocating a fixed sum of value between different actors.
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What is “soft power?
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Soft balancing
Using international institutions, economic statecraft, and diplomatic arrangements to delay, frustrate, and undermine the other state‟s policies. |
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Define “unbalanced multipolarity.”
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When there are three or more great powers, one of which is a potential hegemon (that is, having an appreciable power advantage over the other great powers.)
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What is bandwagoning
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A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger state in an alliance/ conflict
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The distinguishing feature of capitalism is
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private ownership
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What is trade liberalization?
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reducing barriers to trade between countries
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Why does division of labor make international trade profitable
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Products are created by the countries that are most efficient at producing them
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Which of the following would be expected by the Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory?
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A country with abundant fertile land exporting agricultural products.
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“Reconnaissance Revolution” refers to
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Advancement in technological means of spying
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The country that changed alliances twice during the Cold War is
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China
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Soviet during the Cuban missile crisis was
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Nikita Khruschev
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Which of the following is an example of specialization and division of labor?
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a worker in a Toyota plant welding a rear axle on a Corolla all day, every day
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Selling goods below the true cost of production in order to drive out competitors and gain market share is commonly known as
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Dumping
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Mercosur refers to the Common Market found in
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South America
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When a firm subcontracts a business function to an outside supplier, it is referred to as
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Outsourcing
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Investment in a foreign country via the acquisition of a local facility or the establishment of a new facility is referred to
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Foreign Direct Investment
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A severe, sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity, is usually accompanied by a severe contraction of credit and high unemployment is commonly known as
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Depression
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The bank that oversaw the relations between the debtor nation, Germany, and its international creditors before the Second World War was
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Bank for International Settlements
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The currency of Thailand is known as
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Baht
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Bretton Woods monetary system was a
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Regime of fixed but adjustable rates (an adjustable peg)
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in 1981, Israel attacked the Osiraq nuclear reactor in the following country
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Iraq
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Approximately what percentage of the world’s investments cross international borders?
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50 percent
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Which of the following is an international monetary institution
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classical gold standard
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According to (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates, global temperatures will
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rise between 3.5 and 8 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100
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