Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many nephrons in each kidney?
|
1,000,000
|
|
|
Where are podocytes located? What do they do?
|
glomerulus
control filtration and GFR |
|
|
What does the juxtoglomerular apparatus do?
|
regulates NaCl
produces renin |
|
|
What are the cells of the juxtoglomerular complex and what do they do?
|
granular cells - renin production
messangial cells - don't know macula densa - adjust GFR bys sensing Na |
|
|
What is GFR, what is it's normal, what is adequate
|
Glomerular filtration rate - volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit of time
Normal for men120 ml/min, for women 100, 60 is adequate |
|
|
What hormones do the kidney's produce?
|
vitamin D,
renin erythropoeitin |
|
|
What are urinary casts?
What kinds are there? |
cylinders of protein that form in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts the nephron
Hyaline - after exercise granular - tubular injury pigmented granular - rhabdomysis tubular - acute tubular injury and acute tubular necrosis |
|
|
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
|
Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by abnormal loss of acid or production of base
|
|
|
If you have a high anion gap and metabolic acidosis what is the cause
|
accumulation of acids
|
|
|
If you have a normal anion gap and metabolic acidosis what is the cause?
|
loss of base
|
|
|
How long can acute cough last and be considered acute cough?
|
< 8 weeks
|
|
|
what is a wheeze?
|
a musical sound that last longer than 80 m to 100 msec
|
|
|
what can cause wheezing?
|
asthma, pulmonary problems, cardiac problems, upper respiratory problems, foreign body, paraites
|
|
|
What is dyspnea?
|
difficult, labored breathing,
use of accessory muscles to breathe, unable to speak full sentences |
|
|
What is FEV1
|
FEV1 is the amount of air you can expel in one second. It is written as a percentage of normal
|
|
|
Rate different degrees of obstruction using FEV1
|
FEV 1 > 80% - normal
FEV 1 60-79% - mild obstruction FEV1 40-59 % moderate obstruction FEV1 < 40% severe obstruction |
|
|
In Obstructive patterns what i the :
FEV1 Peak Expiratory Flow Total LUng Capacity Residual Volume |
FEV1 - lower
PEF - lower TLC - normal or higher RV - Higher |
|
|
In Restrictive Pattern lung disease what is the:
FEV1 Peak Expiratory Flow Total LUng Capacity Residual Volume |
FEV1 - normal or lower
PEF - normal or lower TLC - lower RV - normal, lower, or higher |
|
|
What is sleep disordered breathing?
|
during sleep hypoxic drive is diminished and ventilatory response to PaCO2 is is diminished
this can cause hypoxia and fragmented sleep |
|
|
How fast does lung FEV1 decrease for smokers vs nonsmokers?
|
30 ml per year for non smoker, twice that for smokers
|
|
|
What are symptoms of chronic bronchitis
|
cough and sputum for three months of the year for 2 consecutive years, narrow ariways, emphysema of the bronchioles, reduction in expiratory flow, chronic infection of bronchioles
|
|
|
Is COPD obstructive or restrictive
|
obstructive
|
|
|
Normal value of PACO2
|
Normal value of PACO2 = 40 mm Hg
|
|
|
Normal PAO2
|
Normal PAO2 = 104 mmHg
|
|
|
What is emphysema, what are it's types
|
Emphysema = damage to the alveoli, which cause airways to collapse during forced expiration
types: panacinary (pan lobular) is related to the destruciton of alveolie due to an inflammation ro defidciency of alpha 1 antitrypsin, found in younger people centroacinary (centrolobular) is due to destruction fo terminal bronchioles and muchosis, found in elderly people |
|
|
Treatments for emphysema?
|
smoking cessation,
inhalled bronchodilators theophylline inhaled and oral steroids lung transplant or lung reduction antibiotics |
|
|
What is bronchiectasis?
|
abnormality fo the bronchioles associated with infections, it's an obstructive disease
|
|
|
Is cystic fibrosis obstructive or restrictive
|
obstructive
|
|
|
Is asthma obstructive or restrictive
|
obstructive
|
|
|
What are some clinical findings for asthma?
|
wheeze, sputum, cough
history of allergies decreased peak flow and FEv 1 low pulse ox |
|
|
What are some treatments of asthma?
|
B-adrenergic agent (albuterol)
anticholinergic agent (ipatropium bromide) inhaled steriod theophylline |
|
|
What are symptoms of exercise induced bronchospasm?
|
Symptoms occur during or within 5 min of exercise ---
shortness of breath wheezing decreased exercise endurance chest pain or tightness wiht exerices cough upset stomach or stomach ache sore throat |
|
|
How do you diagnose bronchiectasis
|
use CT scan, it will show permanet dilation of bronchial walls
|
|
|
What are the genetics of cystic fibrosis
|
autosomal recessive
|
|
|
What is the pathophysiology fo cystic fibrosis?
|
abnormality in NaCl balance -> increased mucus in lungs -> increased pulmonary infections -> life expectancy 33
|
|
|
What is interstitial lung disease?
|
group of disorders that cause fibrosis of lungs, is a restrictive lung disease, example is sarcoidosis
|
|
|
What is sarcoidosis
|
most common granulating lung disease, characterized by non caseating granulomas in multiple organs especially lungs,
may have no symptoms, but symptoms include -- restrictive lung disease w/cough, dyspnea; various skin lesions, cardiac and neuro symptoms, elctrolyte imbalance |
|
|
How do you diagnose sarcoidosis
How do you treat |
Diagnose w/ chest x-ray, CT, or gallium scan, also biopsy
Treat w/ steroids |
|
|
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism
|
dyspnea, syncope, hypoxia, hypotension
pleuritic pain, fever, tachycardia, cough and hemoptysis, evidence of DVT |
|
|
Most sensitive test for DVT
|
D-Dimer
|
|
|
What are EKG changes from pulmonary embolism
|
ST changes, axis deviation
|
|
|
What tests could you use for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism?
|
ABG - shows hypocapnia, hypoxemia, alveolar arterial gradient
Spiral CT, Spiral CT with imaging for DVT V/Q scan arteriogram NOTE: Chest x-ray often normal |
|
|
What are some clinical signs of DVT
|
lower leg swelling, warmth, tenderness, redness,
|
|
|
What is treatment of PE
|
Heparing, low molecualr weight heparin,
warfarin for 2-3 months vena cava interruption - filter thrombolytic therapy |
|
|
What is Paget - Schroetter diseasse?
|
DVT of an upper extremity vein
AKA "effort induced thrombosis" because it often occurs after vigorus activity |
|
|
Clinical symptoms of pulmonary hypotension
|
lightheadedness, fatigue, chest pain, swollen ankles, bluish lips and skin, racing pusle, clubbing,
|
|
|
Test used to diagnose pulmonary hypotension
|
Echo
right sided cath |
|
|
Treatment of pulmonary hypotension
|
Endothelin Receptor Agonists (ERA's)
man made prostacyclins PDE-5 inhibitors anticoagulants diuretics calcium channel blockers oxygen transplant |
|
|
What drug can you take to prevent acute mountain sickness?
|
acetazolamide - carbonic anhydrase
|
|
|
How does acute bronchits present?
|
cough, sputum, malaise, wheeze, last 10 to 14 days
thought to be viral but treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Most common organisms in community acquired pneumonia
|
S. pneumonia
H. influenza S. aureus M. Catarrhalis |
|
|
Clinical symptoms of tuberculosis
|
cough, blood tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, weight loss,
|
|
|
How do you treat tuberculosis
|
INH
rifampicin |
|
|
What is an abnormal Cobb angle
|
> 70 causes respiratory difficulties
> 120 severe respiratory problems |
