Internal Environment Ppt Bio E2

Front 1

the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range

Back 1

thermoregulation

Front 2

the disposal of nitrogen-containining metabolites and other waste products

Back 2

excretion

Front 3

the direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other

Back 3

conduction

Front 4

the mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object

Back 4

convection

Front 5

the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero

Back 5

radiation

Front 6

organism for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation

Back 6

ectotherm

Front 7

organism warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism, usually body temp higher than external environment

Back 7

endotherm

Front 8

increase in the diameter of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel walls

Back 8

vasodilation

Front 9

decrease in the diameter of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls

Back 9

vasoconstriction

Front 10

the exchange of heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

Back 10

countercurrent heat

Front 11

a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

Back 11

torpor

Front 12

a long term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal

Back 12

hibernation

Front 13

hibernation in warm temperatures

Back 13

estivation

Front 14

a small toxic molecule produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism

Back 14

ammonia

Front 15

a product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste products.
-who produces this?

Back 15

uric acid
-insects, land snails, and many reptiles

Front 16

the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid

Back 16

filtration

Front 17

the discharge of wastes from the body fluid into the filtrate

Back 17

secretion

Front 18

the recovery of solutes and water from the filtrate

Back 18

reabsorption

Front 19

an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings

Back 19

protonephridium

Front 20

an excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consist of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings

Back 20

metanephridium

Front 21

a unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, and functions in osmoregulation

Back 21

malpighian tubule

Front 22

a duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Back 22

ureter

Front 23

the pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination

Back 23

urinary bladder

Front 24

a peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidneys

Back 24

antidiuretic hormone

Front 25

the tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney

Back 25

nephron

Front 26

a ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney

Back 26

glomerulus

Front 27

a cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood

Back 27

Bowman's capsule

Front 28

in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate

Back 28

proximal tubules

Front 29

the hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, between the proximal and distal tubules of the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption

Back 29

loop of Henle

Front 30

in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct

Back 30

distal tubule

Front 31

the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules

Back 31

collecting duct

Front 32

a steroid hormone that acts on tubules of the kidney to regulate the transport of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)

Back 32

aldosterone

Front 33

physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

Back 33

acclimatization

Front 34

why is the urinary system crucial?

Back 34

balances the intake and output of water and solutes

Front 35

kidneys filter the blood in structures called?

Back 35

nephrons

Front 36

from where do nephrons receive water and solutes?

Back 36

capillaries

Front 37

what hormones adjust urine levels?

Back 37

ADH and aldosterone

Front 38

how is internal body temp maintained?

Back 38

metabolism and adaptations

Front 39

examples of endotherms?

Back 39

birds and mammals

Front 40

examples of ectotherms?

Back 40

amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, most invertebrates

Front 41

four processes by which an organism exchanges heat?

Back 41

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

Front 42

how does countercurrent heat exchange work?

Back 42

veins and arteries run adjacent to each other, heat from the arteries warms the blood in the veins

Front 43

describe vasodilation

Back 43

blood vessels expand, causing blood flow to increase and warms the skin

Front 44

describe vasoconstriction

Back 44

blood vessels contract, blood flow decreases, and reduces heat transfer
-prevents overheating

Front 45

sources of insulation?

Back 45

hair, feathers, layers of fat

Front 46

forms of evaporative heat loss?

Back 46

sweating, camels can set body temperature higher during the day, so they don't sweat as much. reset it at night time, so they stay warm

Front 47

invertebrate thermoregulation

Back 47

mostly ectotherms (except bees and large moths)

Front 48

amphibians and reptiles thermoregulation
-marine iguana?
-bull frogs?

Back 48

ectotherms seek warm places when cold, and cold places when warm
-vasconstriction saves more blood for central core in cold ocean

Front 49

fish thermoregulation

Back 49

mostly ectotherms
-most have body temperature close to ambient
-except large species = tuna, swordfish, shark = countercurrent heat exchange

Front 50

mammal and bird thermoregulation

Back 50

endotherms

Front 51

mammal and bird thermogenesis?

Back 51

shivering, and nonshivering thermogenesis = mitochondria increase metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP
-brown fat = tissue specialized for rapid heat production, 5% in infants

Front 52

bird and mammal acclimatization

Back 52

-can take days to weeks, but have shock proteins that allow for fast adjustment to environment

Front 53

daily torpor: who uses it?

Back 53

many small birds and mammals

Front 54

hibernation vs estivation

Back 54

-cold vs. warm
-animals can drop body temp to 1-2 degree celcius
-ex. arctic ground squirrel

Front 55

functions of human urinary system?

Back 55

1. function in waste removal
2. function in maintenance of homeostasis
-blood water content
-blood pH
-blood pressure and oxygen content
-blood solute concentration
-retention of important nutrients

Front 56

3 parts of the kidney

Back 56

renal cortex, medulla, renal pelvis

Front 57

funnel shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the vertebrate kidney's collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter

Back 57

renal pelvis (collecting chamber)

Front 58

functional unit of kidney
-how many?

Back 58

nephron
-more than 1 million!

Front 59

components of filtrate in bowman's capsule?

Back 59

water, salts, bicarbonate, h+, urea, glucose, amino acids, some drugs

Front 60

components reabsorbed by blood in proximal tubule?

Back 60

bicarbonate, nacl,amino acids, glucose, vitamins actively transported, water follows by osmosis

Front 61

components secreted at proximal tubule region?

Back 61

H+, NH3, poisons

Front 62

HCO3 reabsorbed by blood why?

Back 62

to help regulate pH

Front 63

What happens in loop of Henle

Back 63

reabsorption of water in outer medulla, NaCl diffuses out in inner medulla and actively transports in outer medulla

Front 64

distal tubule what happens?

Back 64

NaCl, H2O, bicarbonate all reabsorbed, again, H+ and toxins are secreted by blood into filtrate

Front 65

collecting duct

Back 65

filtrate carried by collecting duct to renal pelvis, H20 reabsorbed, some urea diffuses out. Urine is still 95% water

Front 66

components of urine

Back 66

water, urea, sodium chloride, H+, possibly drugs and toxins

Front 67

how does ADH work?

Back 67

causes collecting duct to become more permeable to water, more water reabsorbed into blood

Front 68

increases water reabsorption, distal tubule and collecting ducts, hypothalamic hormone

Back 68

ADH

Front 69

promotes sodium reabsorption, distal tubule and collecting ducts

Back 69

aldosterone

Front 70

what does the vertebrate urinary system contain?

Back 70

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a bladder, and a urethra