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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three step process of human perception
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1. WE SELECT CUES FROM OUR CULTURAL LANDSCAPES. ANY STIMULUS THAT IS CULTURALLY DISTINCTIVE GRAPS OUR ATTENTION.
2. WE ORGANIZE THINGS BASED ON OUR CULTURAL SOCIALIZATION. 3. WE INTERPRET DATA IN TERMS OF OUR CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS. |
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LUKEN (1978) DISCUSSED THREE LEVELS OF ETHNOCENTRISM USING COMMUNICATIVE DISTANCES:
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1. THE DISTANCE OF INDIFFERENCE AND LOW ETHNOCENTRISM : IT REFLECTS LACK OF SENSITIVITY IN OUR VERBAL AND NONVERBAL INTERACTIONS.
2. THE DISTANCE OF AVOIDANCE AND MODERATE ETHNOCENTRISM : IT REFLECTS PURPOSELY SWITCHING LANGUAGE AND DIALECT TO EXCLUDE OUTGROUP MEMBERS. 3. THE DISTANCE OF DISPARAGEMENT AND HIGH ETHNOCENTRISM REFERS TO THE USE OF RACIST JOKES OR HATE-SPEECH. |
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stereotypes are
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STEREOTYPE IS AN OVERGENERALIZED MENTAL IMAGE THAT WE HAVE TOWARD A GROUP OF PEOPLE DISREGARDING INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS.
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INFLEXIBLE & FLEXIBLE STEREOTYPINGS
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INFLEXIBLE STEREOTYPING INVOLVES AUTOMATIC REACTION; RIGID PRECONCEIVED AND NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES.
FLEXIBLE STEREOTYPING INVOLVES BEING MINDFUL OF STEREOTYPING OTHERS AND WILLINGNESS TO CHANGE IT. |
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fundamental attribution error
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with strangers we tend to engage in negative dispositional attributions by overestimating negative personality factors in explaining a strangers negative event and underestimating situational factors.
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principle of negativity
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over exaggerate the negative factors in the outgroup
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favorable self-bias principle
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positive events concerning our behavior versus an opponents behavior
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group memberships
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us vs. them or ingroup vs. outgroup
culture provides a basis for group memberships |
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intergroup attribution theory
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attributions offer explanations for why people behave the way they do. (3) biases. 1. fundamental attribution bias. 2. principle of negativity 3. favorable self bias principle
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ingroup positive events is attributed to ...
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positive traits of dispositions
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ingroup negative events are attributed to ...
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situational factors
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outgroups positive event is attributed to...
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situational factors
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outgroup negative event is attributed to
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negative traits or dispositions
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how can we reduce prejudice and discrimination?
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do i judge others by my cultural standards?
do i stereotype others? how flexible am i in my stereotyping of others? be mindful of our thoughts and perceptions and actions. remember we are all works in progress lets keep an open mind and learn from each other |
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perceived scarce resources
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tangible and intangible resources
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tangible resources are
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money, promotion, etc
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intangible resources are
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love, respect, emotional security, inclusion, connection
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independent conflict lenses AKA ...
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individualistic conflict lenses: outcome focused, self face concer, equity norms, low context styles
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interdependent conflict lenses AKA...
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collectivistic conflict lenses: process-focused, other face concern, communal norms, high context conflict styles
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different conflict goals
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content goals, relational goals, identity goals
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content goals and example
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practical issues that are external to the issues involved: a couple argues about how the kids will be raised, buddhist or christian.
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relational conflict goals
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how individuals define the particular relationship. for example, individualists want more privacy, collectivists want more social interaction
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identity-based goals
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face saving or face honoring issues in a conflict episode. a couple arguing about how they should raise their kid is also one asserting the worthiness of their religious beliefs.
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five conflict styles
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1. dominating/ competitive style
2. avoiding style 3. obliging/ accommodating style 4. compromising style 5. integrating/ collaborative style |
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dominating/ competitive style
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promotes ones personal interest over others. aggressive. my way is the right way.
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avoiding style
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dodging conflict all together. denial, glossing. lets talk about this another time.
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obliging/ accommodating style
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high concern for the other persons conflict interest over ones own. letting the other person win in conflict situation
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compromising style
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give and take approach. fairness and trade offs. why dont we split the costs in half?
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integrative style
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commitment to find a mutual interest solution with high concern for both self and others. non judgmental. may i suggest that we think through the issue carefully and see what we can do together to resolve it.
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european americans tend to use more
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dominating
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african american
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influenced by individualistic and collectivistic values. more emotionally engaged. they are collectivisitic but also have conflict with the racism with whites.
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asian american
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more avoiding/ obliging because of confucianism
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latino
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tactfulness and consideration
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native americans
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other/ mutual face senstivie
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mindful listening
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paraphrasing and perception checking. TING
it sounds to me that... you look puzzled.. let me explain more... |
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reframing: overall
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creating alternative contexts to frame your understanding of conflict behaviors such as restating conflict positions or see the "big picture"
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reframing: definition
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1. restate conflict positions in common interest terms
2. try to change complaints to requests 3. move tensed interactions from blaming to problem solving 4. help parties understand the benefits of a win win situation 5. help both parties see the bigger picture |
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cultural empathy
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understanding and responsiveness such as asking for clarification and checking ones biases.
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individualists deal with conflict:
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mindful of mutual face concern.
limit the why questions, be mindful of past events that are relevant to present situation mindful listening skills |
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collectivists dealing with conflict
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allow both parties to speak up and have a right to defend oneself.
individual accountability for the process using I with expressing opinions, you can ask more why questions. active listening skills, verbal paraphrasing. do not rely just on non verbal skills. |
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three approaches to conflict styles:
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dispositional approach, situational and systems approach
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dispositional approach
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extroverts are more dominating, introverts are more avoiding and obliging
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situational approach
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money, attention, private or public setting, scheduling conflict
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systems approach
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any extovert or introvert can change their responses according to situational factors.
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conflict style is
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a pattern of verbal and nonverbal communicative responses to conflict
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individualists with re. to relationships
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1. voluntary personal commitment and explicit emotional expression
2. self face over mutual face 3. passionate love 4. divorce easily |
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collectivists with re. to relationships
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1. emphasize structural commitment and implicit emotional expression
2. mutual face 3. companionate love 3. PDA, depends |
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attraction
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depends on facilitating factors. physical attractiveness. similarity in cultural beliefs, interests. proximity, self disclosure (breadth and depth) appropriate self disclosure,
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true or false: bicultural identity are more likely to date/ marry interculturally
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true
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true or false: later the generation the less likely one will date outgroup members
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false.. more likely
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interracial intimate relationships develop through 4 things
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1. racial awareness
2. coping strats 3. identity emergence 4 and relationship maintenance |
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obstacles of interracial couples
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prejudice, racism, emotional issues such as money, stress, sex, biracial children or a pet, their identity, religion, majority/ minority group identifiers
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coping strats
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ignoring, normalizing, withdrawing, educating, confrontation, humor
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helping your kids maintain a secure identity (5) things
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1. family identity plan of salient aspects of ones culture and religion
2. listen to their stories and experiences (the childs) 3. celebrate the diversity of both cultures and enrich the child 4. be truthful in dealing with prejudice or racial issues. nurture a sense of self esteem no matter how they see themselves 5. recognize that your children will grow up and choose their own path |
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how to manage diverse intercultural relationships
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mindful of cultural value differences
sensitive to culture related feelings aware of intercultural relationship challenges flexible interculturally to deal with relationship issues effective communication is helpful but not a panacea to resolve them practice, practice practice |
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globalization
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drives technological advancement, has shrunk time and space. allows us to communicate across distances
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E.neter
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new generation of individual from any age group wired to the internet, local and global self or hybrid identity. ethnic and global identity
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globalization has effected identities all over with popular culture. true or false
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true
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eneters and communcation 7 things
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1. electronic
2. exclusive: they may be members of a traditional group and the internet community 3. ethnic identity- more with their internet identity than their their traditional ethnic groups 4. exploring (consumer) 5. emoticon 6. entertainment 7. economy, willing to spend money to update accessories |
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dialectical challenges
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conflicts that come from two opposing forces that exist at the same time (spending more time with WOW than your boyfriend)
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three major dialectics
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spatial zone dialectic
temporal zone dialectic identity zone dialectic |
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spatial zone dialectic
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eneters can experience the personal space and communal space of electronix.
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temporal zone dialectics
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they can shift back and forth between monochronic and polychronic time schedules or monotrack/ mutitrack focus
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identity zone dialectics
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have identity inclusion and drop indentity alienation. shy people can communicate.
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intercultual toolkit
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use enet to understand ones cultures better
do not lose cultural sensitivity be mindful of positive and negative impacts of enet on our lives we are privileged as eneters |
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ethical absolutism
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emphasizes the principles of right and wrong according to a set of universally fixed standards regardless of cultural differences. (1st and 3rd world cultures, dominant culture sets the standards)
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ethical relativism
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emphasizes the cultural context in which the conduct is being judged. what is ethical or not should be judged fromt he point of view of the cultural group. respectts each culture but can perpetuate intolerable cultural practices.
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derived ethical universalism
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emphasizes the importance of deriving universal ethical guidelines considering the underlying similarities and dissimilarities across cultures. ex. men are created equal beofre god.. dominant voice often shapes the aspects of this.
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meta-ethics
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importance of understanding a problem from a layered, context stance. war on terrorism for ex. considers each case unique, fact finding is needed and layer by layer interp. time consuming.
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meta ethics guidelines
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human rights, traditions that may frame conduct, fairness (equitable treatment), justice (impartial treatment) , virtues (commendable qualities of a individual) , ideals (the right thing to do)
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functional flexibility
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involves adaptability in using appropriate verbal and nonverbal styles.
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dynamic flexibility
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able to integrate knowledge and open minded attitude, cultural sensitive skills and communicate ethically with dissimilar others. be tolderant with ambiquity. slowly reduce defense and ambivalent ethnocentrism.
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ethnocentrism
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defensive and ambivalent
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defensive ethno
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rigid mindset creating gaps between ingroup and outgroup. racial jokes
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ambivalent ethno
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confused about outgroup, realize blind spots and behavior toward outgroup
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rosens four global literacies and critical things for becoming a global leader
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1. personal literacy: knowing and valuing yourself
2. social literacy: engage others 3. business literacy: focus and mobilize organization 4.cultural literacy: value cultural diff |
