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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language |
An arbitrary, symbolic system that labels and categorizes objects, events, groups, people, ideas, feelings, experiences, and many phenomena. |
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Arbitrariness |
Sounds and symbols |
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Abstractness |
Concrete to abstract levels |
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Meaning-Centeredness |
denotative and connotative levels of meaning |
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Creativity |
Productivity, displacement, eta-communicative |
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Multiple rule patterns |
-phonological -morphological -syntactic -semantic -pragmatic |
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Phonological rules |
Smallest unit of a word |
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Morphological rules |
Multiple sounds |
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Syntactic rules |
Grammar |
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Semantic rules |
Meaning |
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Pragmatic |
Contextual rules |
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Cultural worldview function |
Linear Worldview/ Relational worldview |
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Linear worldview |
-rational thinking -objective reasoning -facts and evidence -polarized interpretation -analytical dissecting mode -tangible outcome |
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Relational worldveiw |
-connected thinking -context-based reasoning -context and relationship -continuum interpretation -holistic big-picture mode -long-term relational outcome |
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Denotative meaning |
A word emphasizes its objective, dictionary definition shared and recognized by the majority members of a linguistic community |
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Connotative meaning |
Stresses the subjective, interpretive meanings of a word constructed by individual members based on their cultural and personalized language experience |
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Inductive reasoning |
The importance of facts and evidence to make a claim |
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Deductive reasoning |
refers to the primary of conceptual models or big principles to start and then moves on to specific analytical points of inferences and factual conclusions |
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Dramatic spiral reasoning |
Effusive metaphors, stories, parables and a wide range of flowery adjectives to reinforce a point |
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Understated spiral reasoning |
Include subtle messages, implied hints, reserved talks, relational reasons, and tactful nonverbal gestures to convey an intended meaning and context |
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low-context communication |
The emphasis is on how intention or meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages |
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High context communicatins |
The emphasis is on how intention or meaning can best be conveyed through the embedded context and nonverbal channels |
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Direct styles |
Statements end to revel the speaker's intentions with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice |
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Indirect styles |
Statements tend to camouflage the speaker's actual intentions and are carried out with a softer tone |
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self-enhancement style |
emphasizes the importance of drawing attention to or exaggerating one's credentials, outstanding accomplishments, and special abilities |
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self-humbling style |
Emphasizes the importance of downplaying oneself via modest talk, restraint, hesitation and the use of self-deprecation message concerning one's performance or effort. |
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Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence
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How silence is interpreted and evaluated differsacross cultures and between persons.
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Mannerism of speaking
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verbal style, frames how a message should beinterpreted or understood on a continuum
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Social Change Function
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1. Humans are creators of the social tool oflanguage.2. Trends include language change in U.S.sports and global social scenes and integrating brand names into everydaylanguage.
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Group Membership Function
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1. Language evokes group sentiment and sharedidentity.2. A common tongue signals ingroup linkageand outgroup differentiation.3. Code-switching means switching to anotherlanguage or dialect to increase or decrease intergroup distance.4. Black English (“Ebonics”): A distinctivelanguage, governed by rules with specific historical derivations.
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Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
asserts language is “the shaper of ideas.” |
a. Weak form (supported by research): Language helps to shape our thinking patterns.b. Strong form (not fully supported): Language completely determines our thinking patterns.
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