Intercult. Midterm

Front 1

what is culture?

Back 1

A learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity-hood and community-hood among its group members. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of an identity group.

Front 2

what is communication?

Back 2

is the process whereby people collectively create and transmit meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in a particular context.

Front 3

what is intercultural communication?

Back 3

The Study of mass-mediated communication between entities (governmental, private industry, or non-profit) from two or more countries)

Front 4

Five reasons to study intercult

Back 4

a. Increase in Economic Growth in Different countries
b. Effective Intercultural Communication helps create better communication between just about anyone
c. Effective in helping the workplace
d. However, intercultural communication also has the potential to create peace.
e. Ethical Considerations

Front 5

According to the five reasons to study intercultural communication more, what are the five reasons that it is important to study it in the workplace?

Back 5

the long-term advantages of managing diversity through effective intercultural communication include:
(a) full utilization of the organization's human capital;
(b) increased knowledge and enhanced mutual respect among diverse employees;
(c) increased commitment
among diverse employees at all organizational levels and across all functions;
(d) greater innovation and flexibility as others participate more constructively in problem-solving teams;
(e) improved productivity as more employee effort is directed at achieving the system's goals
and less energy is expended in dealing with cultural miscommunication issues

Front 6

What's missing:

(a) full utilization of the organization's human capital;
(b) increased knowledge and enhanced mutual respect among diverse employees;
(c) increased commitment
among diverse employees at all organizational levels and across all functions;
(d)




(e) improved productivity as more employee effort is directed at achieving the system's goals
and less energy is expended in dealing with cultural miscommunication issues

Back 6

greater innovation and flexibility as others participate more constructively in problem-solving teams;

Front 7

What's missing:

a.

b. Effective Intercultural Communication helps create better communication between just about anyone
c. Effective in helping the workplace
d. However, intercultural communication also has the potential to create peace.
e. Ethical Considerations

Back 7

Increase in Economic Growth in Different countries

Front 8

what's missing

a. Increase in Economic Growth in Different countries
b.


c. Effective in helping the workplace
d. However, intercultural communication also has the potential to create peace.
e. Ethical Considerations

Back 8

Effective Intercultural Communication helps create better communication between just about anyone

Front 9

what's missing

a. Increase in Economic Growth in Different countries
b. Effective Intercultural Communication helps create better communication between just about anyone
c.


d. However, intercultural communication also has the potential to create peace.
e. Ethical Considerations

Back 9

Effective in helping the workplace

Front 10

what's missing

a. Increase in Economic Growth in Different countries
b. Effective Intercultural Communication helps create better communication between just about anyone
c. Effective in helping the workplace
d. However, intercultural communication also has the potential to create peace.

e.

Back 10

Ethical Considerations

Front 11

How has intercultural communication managed to make peace?

Back 11

A number of scholars in communication examine the conditions and communication techniques to bring people together after years of conflict and hatred (Barge, 2006; Broome & Hatay, 2006; Littlejohn, 2006). This type of communication emphasizes transcending differences through respectful and equal dialogue. The key is to understand why the conflict occurred in the first
place and then use techniques to bridge these differences. However, if we can understand how to use communication to create peace (or avoid conflict), we have a powerful tool to benefit societies.

Front 12

What are the ethical considerations to make?

Back 12

Ethics focuses on the principles of right or wrong in human conduct. Codes of ethics are guidelines that designate appropriate behavior in a given situation. Many such codes of ethics are designated by religious teachings. For example, do unto others as you would have them do unto you is a Christian ethic called the “Golden Rule” (and other religions have a similar creed). Others are developed through political systems (such as democratic principles). In the study of
intercultural communication, three sets of ethical guidelines are important to consider: cultural universalism/cultural relativism, inclusion/exclusion, and social justice.

Front 13

what is cultural universalism?

Back 13

(1) Cultural universalism emphasizes a single set of standards that should be used to judge other’s behavior as good or bad (Pedersen, 1997). Thus, one code of ethics is used for all behavior. Tends to be the dominant group.

Front 14

what is cultural relativism?

Back 14

Cultural relativism is a code of ethics that judges people based on their own cultural standards (that is, different cultures have adopted their own codes of ethics) . Tends to be more focused on an individual basis.

Front 15

what is moral inclusion/exclusion?

Back 15

(1) Moral inclusion/exclusion focuses on the degree to which we believe that people are within the boundaries of respect, fairness, and moral values. Moral inclusion occurs when we treat all people with dignity and respect and treat them as human. In contrast, moral exclusion happens when we feel that certain people do not deserve fair treatment, our respect, or to be
valued. Moral exclusion can be severe or mild. Severe forms including killing other people who we feel are unethical (for example, the killing of Matthew Sheppard, a gay man) and politically repressing those who disagree with us. Milder forms are excluding people from resources (such
as not hiring people of a certain background), not talking to those who are different, and not recognizing those who are suffering (poor).

Front 16

what is social justice?

Back 16

Social justice is a philosophical stance that emphasizes fair distribution of wealth, power, and income across cultures. It is based on democratic principles of equality and the ethic of human rights.

Front 17

what is the interpretive approach to studuing inter. comm.

Back 17

This perspective provides detailed descriptions of culture and cultural communication. The goal is to identify a unified culture and the ways of knowing and understanding the culture. From this perspective, it is critical to be able to understand the subtle nuances and meanings of behaviors in order to
understand culture. People who follow an interpretive approach tend to use ethnographic research methods. These methods require an individual to spend a great deal of time (months and even years) living and interacting with cultural members. A researcher will ask questions about behavior, take detailed notes, transcribe these notes, spend a great deal of time making sense of their notes, and then check to make sure that their understandings make sense to the cultural members. While Hall used this approach to examine national cultures, researchers using this approach today tend to study “small” communities as cultures since it would be impossible to provide a detailed understanding of a large nation.

Front 18

what is the social scientific approach to studying comm.

Back 18

While the foundations of intercultural communication can be found in the interpretive perspective, many scholars took this detailed information about culture and sought to identify patterns in communication. This approach is called the social scientific perspective (although some call it the normative or functional perspective). Early researchers (including Hall) who
used this perspective attempted to compare and contrast cultures. Their goal was to develop a set of dimensions on which cultures could be compared. The purpose was to help individuals improve their communication with members from a different culture and to get a better understanding of how their own culture influenced their behavior. Hall stated that culture is to humans as water is to fish. We do not really see and understand the importance of culture until
we are out of ithence, the need to make cross-cultural comparisons.

Front 19

what is the critical approach to studying comm.

Back 19

Critical Approach: These scholars emphasize power differences between different cultures and study the domination of one group by another. They examine ways that certain communication patterns privilege certain individuals over others and try to point out this privilege to improve social relations and social order. For example, a critical scholar might argue that corporate communication is based on Western male norms (or White male norms) and that this bias is one reason a disproportionate number of White men are executives of companies. Or, a critical scholar might question the work of the Foreign Service Institute by arguing that the notion of improving foreign relations was a false front and the real purpose was a political one-- so that the U.S. could protect its economic interests in other countries. Or a critical scholar might study diasporas and the social, political, and economic forces that have created. A diaspora is a
massive migration of people caused by wars, colonization, slavery, persecution, and famine; this migration results in a cultural group being geographically dispersed (for example, the African diaspora or the Jewish diaspora). Such movement is forced on the culture. These scholars tend to use ethnographic methods and open interviews to collect detailed information. While these
techniques are similar to interpretive scholars, the critical scholar will move beyond simple description to comment on issues of power, domination, and privilege in a culture or between cultures. Thus, the analysis of the data is very different from that of interpretive scholars.

Front 20

What does it mean to say that intercultural communication is layere?

Back 20

top down effect

bottom up effect

social ecological framework

Front 21

fill in the blank to this quote relating to intercult layers:

"An ecological perspective implies reciprocal causation between the ______ & _______

Back 21

individual and the environment”

Front 22

what is a top down effect?

Back 22

: cultural level to the individual level, when culture affects the individual

Front 23

what is a bottom up effect?

Back 23

focus on how lower layers (such as individuals and interpersonal relationships) affect higher layers (such as culture). Or how the individual manages to affect culture.

Front 24

what is a social ecological framework?

Back 24

refers to the relationship between organisms and their environment.

Front 25

what are the four layers of intercultural comm?

Back 25

i. individual
ii. interpersonal
iii. organizational
iv. culture

Front 26

How should one explain the indivudal layer?

Back 26

self construal

vertical horizontal selves

Front 27

what is independent self construal?

Back 27

independent self construal tends to see the self as autonomous, self-reliant unencumbered and rational choice makers.

Front 28

what is self-construal?

Back 28

self-construal: is one’s self image and is composed of an independent and an interdependent self. Our self construal within our culture profoundly influences our communication with others

Front 29

what is Interdependent self-construal?

Back 29

Interdependent self-construal tends to see themselves as connected to others, people with obligations to others and relational harmony seekers

Front 30

what is Horizontal selves?

Back 30

prefer informal-symmetrical interactions (equal treatment) regadless of people’s position, status, rank, or age

Front 31

what are Vertical Selves?

Back 31

Vertical Selves prefer formal asymmetrical interactions with due respect to people’s position, titles, and ages.

Front 32

what are some characteristics of the interpersonal layer?

Back 32

conversation orientation

conformity orientation

Front 33

what is Conversation Orientation?

Back 33

Conversation Orientation is “the degree to which families value and create a climate of open flow of communication and exhchanges of ideas about attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Front 34

what is ) conformity orientation:?

Back 34

) conformity orientation: “the degree to which families create a climate that stresses homegenity of a culture”.

Front 35

what does this exemplify:

I My friends say that our culture is weird.
M Honey, it may be weird to other people because they do not know about it. What do you think about it?
I I like it and what we do, but sometimes it is hard. I don’t like to be teased.
F I know that is hard. What do you do?
I I tease them back sometimes, when I know we are joking. Other times, I just avoid them.
M How do you feel about it?
I I want to tell them that they are mean and I don’t want to be their friend.
F I know what you mean. That is how I felt when I was growing up too.

Back 35

conversation orientation

Front 36

what does this exemplify:

I My friends say that our culture is weird.

M Honey, it may be weird to other people because they do not know about it. Our culture is very important to us, you, and our people.

I It makes sense to me, but sometimes it is hard. I don’t like to be teased.

F Yes, that is hard. But our people have been teased and worse for a long time. You will gain strength in the culture and facing adversity. You know what you should do: you can teach them about who we are or simply ignore them.

I But what if they don’t stop?

M They might not stop and that means they probably aren’t your real friends. You need to understand that our culture is very important to all of us. It is important that you carry on the traditions of our family for your children to keep our culture alive. Our elders depend on our children to carry on the culture. Do you understand?

Back 36

conformity orientation

Front 37

what is an overview of the interculutral comm organizational layer?

Back 37

The third layer of intercultural communication, the organizational layer, focuses on culture in the places we work and go to school.

Front 38

what is a speech code?

Back 38

“is a system of socially-constructed symbols and meaning, premises, and rules, pertaining to communication conduct”


i. also relates to human nature, social relations and strategic behvaior

Front 39

How does the interpretive approach define culture?

Back 39

(1) focuses on local communities

(2) Interpretive: culture as a speech code

Front 40

How does the social science approach culture?

Back 40

1) focuses on patterns of values and communication patterns that can be compared across larger national, racial, and geographic lines.
(2) culture provides an overarching perspective about a group of people that can best be understood by comparing one culture to another. Culture is not meant to pigeonhole or stereotype people; it simply describes general patterns that influence, to a certain degree, the members of the culture.

Front 41

How does the critical approach define culture

Back 41

(1) From the critical perspective, culture is a site of power struggle that involves competing interests and a multitude of meanings; therefore, culture also reflects the structural and material disparities that shape our everyday engagement with members of different cultural groups.
(2) influenced by Marx
(3) Ideology is a worldview of a group of people
(4) Examples: Immigration
(5) Critical researchers invest in the notion of their knowledge as having
the potential to reform the investigated social/cultural conditions
(6) that scholars want to recognize diversity of experiences and
acknowledge the existence of paradoxes, contradictions, ironies, and ambivalence rather than simply consistent patterns as the social science perspective does

Front 42

what are the six characteristics of identity?

Back 42

multifaceted
social and personal
salience and strenth
avowed and ascribed
outing and passing
performance and expression

Front 43

what is a multifaceted identity?

Back 43

a. Multifaceted: people have multiple identities rather than having a single identity

Front 44

what is Personal Identitiy?

Back 44

i. Personal Identities: unique qualities of ourselves such as personality and personal relationships

Front 45

what are social identity

Back 45

ii. Social Identities: Aspects we share with other individuals who belong to same perceived group

Front 46

what is Identity Saliance

Back 46

i. Identity Saliance: refers to the degree to which an identity is prominent or stands out to us in a given situation

Front 47

what is strong identity?

Back 47

Individuals with a strong social identity evaluate their group positively, enjoy their membership in the group, and our involved in social practices.

Front 48

what is an avowed identity?

Back 48

iii. Avowal is the process of telling others what identities you wish to present or how you see yourself

Front 49

what is an ascribed identity

Back 49

iv. Ascription is the process of assigning in another person what you think his or her identity should be

Front 50

what is outing?

Back 50

Outing refers to expressing one’s “true” identity such as “coming out of the closet” for homosexuals or having one’s “true” identity exposed to others (“being outed”).

Front 51

what is passing?

Back 51

Some individuals who share physical and linguistic characteristics with the dominant social group try to “pass” as a member of the group. Their goal often is to be associated with prestige and power or avoid marginalization and discrimination

Front 52

what is performance?

Back 52

i. Our appearance (dress, hairstyle, jewelry, piercings, and tattoos) and communication style reflect who we see ourselves as and are constitutive of (that is, help to create) cultural identity; that is, if a group of people consistently use particular messages of identity, these messages create cultural identity and are performances of identity

Front 53

what is expression

Back 53

the creation of our cultures in physical forms

Front 54

what is fluidity and stable?

Back 54

I . One question about identity that intrigues scholars is whether identity is stable or enduring or whether is it fluid and changing.
II. social identities in a particular situation takes shape according to whom we are talking with and what we are talking about

Front 55

what are the four phases, in order, of minority development?

Back 55

(1) Pre-Encounter Phase
(2) Encounter Stage
(3) Immersion-emersion stage
(4) Internalization-Commitnment Phase

Front 56

what is Pre-Encounter Phase?

Back 56

(1) Pre-Encounter Phase: when the minority group member is unaware of the cultural difference or his/her cultural identity is not interested.

Front 57

what is Encounter Stage?

Back 57

Encounter Stage: A marginal identity phase when a new cultural identity is awakened because of a shattering event such as experiencing racism or being labeled as something different

Front 58

what is Immersion-emersion stage?

Back 58

(3) Immersion-emersion stage: often reflects a strong minority cultural identity accompanied by a rejection of the majority culture

Front 59

what is Internalization-Commitnment Phase?

Back 59

(4) Internalization-Commitnment Phase: occurs when a person develops a clear and confident sense of his/her cultural identity, but also is able to develop genuine contacts with members of a majority culture

Front 60

what are the five stages of majority identity development?

Back 60

(1) Unexamined Cultural Identity Phase
(2) Acceptance Phase
(3) Resistance Phase:
(4) Redefinition phase
(5) Integtretion

Front 61

what is Unexamined Cultural Identity Phase?

Back 61

(1) Unexamined Cultural Identity Phase: Similar to the general model, majority individuals are either not aware of differences, or, if they are, they do not create a hierarchy among the differences (that is, no fear of racism)

Front 62

what is Acceptance Phase?

Back 62

(2) Acceptance Phase: majority members internalize racist ideologly either consciousy or unconsciously

Front 63

what is Resistance Phase?

Back 63

(3) Resistance Phase: minority group members shift from blaming a minority group members for their problems and place the blame on the majority group

Front 64

what is Redefinition phase?

Back 64

(4) Redefinition phase: majority group members are aware of the dominant ideology of the majority group, but begin to redefine their group in nonracist terms’

Front 65

what is Integtretion?

Back 65

(5) Integtretion: majority group memberd integrate their cultural identity into all factets of their idenitity

Front 66

What are the five things that someone looks for in an identity in order to negociate it?

Back 66

secure
included
predictabe
connected to otehrs
consistent

Front 67

What is one aspect of identity negoiation: secure?

Back 67

i. Secure: refers to a sense of emotional safeness with others; that is, we feel emotionally stable when we interact with others.

Front 68

What is the inclusion aspect of identity negociation?

Back 68

ii. Included: occurs when others accept us for who we are and they view our identities as positive.

Front 69

what is the predictability of identity negoiation?

Back 69

iii. Predicatable: Predictability relates to the certainty we have about our identities during interactions with others. We view this predictability as an indicator of the acceptance we have with others; if our interactions with people from different
cultures are predictable, then we can build trust with them.

Front 70

what is the connected to others of identity negocation?

Back 70

iv. connected to others: Connection refers to the quality of
relationships we have with others. We want to be able to have meaningful, close relationships with others; the ability to establish such relationships is an indicator of acceptance and trust for our identities

Front 71

what is the consistent of identity negociation?

Back 71

v. consistent: consistency focuses on the number of cultural routines we experience. Routines allow us to feel safe and connected to others.

Front 72

What are the five characteristics of attribution process?

Back 72

1. factors that we attribute behavior to
2. differences between attributions of self versus others
3. Incomplete information in making attributions
4. confidence and accuracy of attributions
5. individual vs. social attributions

Front 73

what are the seven attribution errors?

Back 73

egocentric bias

egoprotective bias

fundamental attribution error

self effacement bias

premature closure

ultimate attribution error

Front 74

what is Egocentric Bias:

Back 74

Egocentric Bias: results as we tend to view our own behavior as normal and appropiriate and the standards by which to judge others’ behavior

Front 75

what is Egoprotective bias:

Back 75

Egoprotective bias: focuses on the desire to maintain a self image

Front 76

what is Fundamental Attribution Error?

Back 76

Fundamental Attribution Error: is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics, and underestimate the influence of situational factors when we explain others’ negative behavior—particularly people from different cultures unknown to us.

Front 77

what is Self-Effacement Bias

Back 77

: in some collectivist cultures, it is important not to “stick out” from the group, and thus individuals downplay some postitve characteristics

Front 78

what is Premature Closure:?

Back 78

Premature Closure: this error occurs when we stop looking for explanations for behavior once we have found plausible or reasonable explanation

Front 79

what is Principle of Negativity:?

Back 79

Principle of Negativity: We have a tendency to overemphasize negative information when making attributions about behavior.

Front 80

what is Ultimate Attribution Error?

Back 80

Ultimate Attribution Error: This error is shaped in part by prejudice and stereotypes. Specifically, we have a tendency to overemphaize category-based factors and underemphaize situation based factors to explain negative behavior from people who are culturally different than us.
i.example: NY article
blacks loot
whites find

Front 81

wjhat is ETHNOCENTRISM:?

Back 81

ETHNOCENTRISM: the inherent belief in the superiority of our own culture versus others

Front 82

what is ETHNORELATIVISM:?

Back 82

belief that all cultures are appropriate and normal and recognizes an attempt to evaluate and interpret people’s behavior from their cultural background (such as using Japanese culture to interpret and evaluate Japanese behavior)

Front 83

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
???

Defense of Difference

Minimization of Difference

Acceptance of Difference

Adaptation to Difference

Integration to Difference
ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 83

Denial of difference

Front 84

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
Denial of Difference

????

Minimization of Difference

Acceptance of Difference

Adaptation to Difference

Integration to Difference
ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 84

Defense of Difference

Front 85

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
denial of difference

Defense of Difference

???

Acceptance of Difference

Adaptation to Difference

Integration to Difference
ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 85

Minimization of Difference

Front 86

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
denial
Defense of Difference

Minimization of Difference

????

Adaptation to Difference

Integration to Difference
ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 86

acceptnace of diff

Front 87

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
e???

Defense of Difference

Minimization of Difference

Acceptance of Difference

????
Integration to Difference
ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 87

Adaptation to Differnce

Front 88

whats missing:

ETHNOCENTRISM
???

Defense of Difference

Minimization of Difference

Acceptance of Difference

Adaptation to Difference

????


ETHNORELATIVISM

Back 88

Integration to Difference

Front 89

what are the four causes of prejudices?

Back 89

Authoritarian Personality
Scapegoating
Market Economy:
Social Dominance Theory: Intergroup Contact

Front 90

what is Authoritarian Personality?

Back 90

Authoritarian Personality: An authoritarian personality has a desire for power, an unquestioning acceptance of authority, and a rigid adherence to norms. This combination results in an inclination toward prejudice and discriminatory behavior to ensure that people follow authority in an appropriate manner. This explanation has validity, but is also limited because it ignores contextual and interactional
explanations.

Front 91

what is scapegoating

Back 91

Scapegoating: Scapegoating approaches argue that people with high levels of prejudice see themselves as victims of society. Rather than accept responsibility for their own failure, they typically shift the locus of responsibility to some vulnerable group. History provides numerous examples of scapegoating including the Nazis scapegoating and attempting to exterminate Jews for economic woes in World War II.

Front 92

what is the market economy cause of prejudice

Back 92

Market Economy: Critical theorists often trace expressions of prejudice to the economic or market climate in a particular culture or country. The market economy creates a structural climate where competition and inequality is the norm; another way of putting it is that the climate develops a situation of the have-nots versus the haves.

Front 93

what is the social dominance theory of prejudice

Back 93

Social Dominance Theory: This theory explains that prejudice against other cultural groups arises from a universally held desire to form and preserve social hierarchies. The basic instinct is to create “us” and “them,” but also a situation where “us” has more power and resources than “them.” This ideology is maintained by legitimizing myths, which may be described as prejudice about people in different social strata and from different cultural groups. People in majority power groups (for example, White Americans, heterosexuals, rich) hold a stronger social dominance orientation than members of minority power groups (for example, African Americans, homosexuals, poor) (Hecht, 1998).

Front 94

what is the intergroup cause of prejudice

Back 94

focuses on the amount of interaction that we have with
members of different cultural groups. Some of us grow up in areas where we meet people from different cultural groups on a regular basis while others of us grow up in areas where it is rare to meet someone from a different cultural background.

Front 95

Discuss how prejudice is expressed

Back 95

Prejudice is expressed through stories that we tell and often reflect negative stereotypes about other cultural groups. Racism and discrimination are the primary expressions of prejudice. Racism includes irrationally negative
attitudes, discrimination or action to maintain dominance of a group over others, and the power to enact actions. Five strategies for expressing prejudice include face saving, negative other presentation, blame the victim, paternalistic rhetoric, and it’s politics not business.

Front 96

what are the initial interactions with people from different cultural backgrounds

Back 96

sojourners
migrants
travel

Front 97

what are sojourners:?

Back 97

sojourners: People who go to another country to stay for a certain period of time and then return home are called sojourners

Front 98

what are migrants

Back 98

Migrants: are people who move to a new permanent cultural context from the one in which they were raised.

Front 99

what is travel

Back 99

: Ease and frequency of foreign travel has made intercultural interactions a common occurrence as well as big business. “According to the World Tourism Organization, 698 million people traveled to a foreign country in 2000, spending more than US$ 478 billion. International
tourism receipts combined with passenger transport currently total more than US$ 575 billion-- making tourism the world's number one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and food” (UNEP, 2007, web site).

Front 100

what is the model of culture shock

Back 100

Sojourners and migrants experience different types of cultural adaptation processes. Sojourners go through a temporary adjustment period in a new culture and then the adjustment period of returning to their home culture that is often described through the W-shaped model. In contrast, migrants are permanently moving to a new culture and have some choice in whether they adopt their new homeland, their original homeland, or a combination of both or neither. A variety of factors impact the speed and effectiveness of adaptation including media, interactions
with members of the host and home culture, and individual attitudes and skills.

Front 101

what is culture shock

Back 101

b. Culture shock is the psychological and emotional reaction people experience when they encounter a culture that is very different from their own (Furnham & Bochner, 1986).

Front 102

what are the stages of culture shock

Back 102

Most people, when first faced with an unfamiliar culture, experience an identity disequilibrium phase in which we experience identity strain, identity loss, identity confusion, and/or identity rejection

Front 103

what are the names of stages in culture shock

Back 103

Many different names are given to these stages (see Zapf, 1991 who compares 19 different models), but, predominantly, researchers focus on four stages that occur in a U-shaped model: honeymoon, crisis (culture shock), recovery, and adjustment (Lysggard, 1955; Oberg, 1960)

Front 104

Please explain the honeymoon stage of culture shock.

Back 104

In the honeymoon stage, sojourners are enthusiastic about being in a new place. We feel fascination and excitement and have positive expectations about the new culture and its people. This stage happens before and upon arrival in the new environment. We experience some “strange” aspects, but it is our curiosity about an exotic place (much like traveling) that is appealing. Any anxiety and stress we experience tend to be interpreted positively as part of an
adventure.

Front 105

explain the crisis stage of culture shock

Back 105

The second stage, crisis, begins after the initial excitement wears off. The differences between sojourners and the host culture create problems. Events start to go wrong, minor issues become major problems, and cultural differences become irritating.

Front 106

explain the recovery phase of culture shock

Back 106

h. During the third stage, recovery, sojourners can see some positive aspects about the host culture and its people again. We start to laugh at our cultural faux pas with our new peers

Front 107

explain the adjustement phase of culture shock

Back 107

In the fourth stage, adjustment, sojourners have gained a level of competence in the new culture. We begin to feel truly comfortable and function well in the host culture although we may still experience periodic difficulties and strains.

Front 108

explain reentry culture shock

Back 108

In the fifth stage, reentry culture shock, sojourners are reacting to the return to their home culture. We were excited about going home a few weeks ago to see old friends and eat some of our favorite foods, but, now that we are here, we see some flaws. People in our home culture seem so pedestrian and uncultured.

Front 109

epxlain the sixth stage of culture shock, resocialization

Back 109

sojourners begin the adjustment back to their home culture. We remember all of the positives about being home and realize we were being too harsh
on our friends.

Front 110

explain cultural adaption

Back 110

the entirety of the phenomenon of individuals who, upon relocating to an unfamiliar sociocultural environment, strive to establish and maintain a relatively stable, reciprocal, and functional relationship with the environment

Front 111

what is deculturation ?

Back 111

deculturation (unlearning a part of old cultural values and practices

Front 112

what is acculturation?

Back 112

acculturation (learning some, but not all, of the host culture values and
practices)

Front 113

what is Intercultural transformation?

Back 113

Intercultural transformation is the progression of internal change that results in observable behavioral changes representing adaptation to the new culture. The outcome of such transformation includes functional fitness, psychological health, and the development of an intercultural identity

Front 114

explain Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory:

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Gudykunst (2005) developed AUM theory to explain effective communication with
strangers. A stranger is “an individual who is a member of a system but is not strongly attached to that system” (Rogers, 1999, p. 61). The stranger is someone who is close to us physically (for example, they might live near us or go to school with us), but is far away emotionally or culturally. Strangers usually do not know the language (slang), customs, beliefs, and everyday behavior patterns that people from a particular culture know and share. For both strangers and
members of a larger culture, the experience of interacting for the first time is new and unique. This “newness” is almost a crisis and thus needs to be managed. To manage unknown or new situations, people use information-seeking behaviors to increase their ability to predict or explain others’ behaviors (managing uncertainty) and tension reduction behaviors to reduce the anxiety
that individuals feel (managing anxiety) while interacting with people from different cultures (Gudykunst, 2005). The following section defines the key concepts of the theory and then introduces verbal and nonverbal message strategies for managing uncertainty and anxiety.

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what is effective communication in AUM theory

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effective communication. “Communication is effective to the extent
that we are able to maximize understandings”, that is, the meaning that we
receive from a message is relatively similar (not the same since a perfect match is not possible) to what the person who sent the message intended

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what is uncertainty in AUM theory

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Uncertainty is a cognitive phenomenon while anxiety is an emotional one

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what are the two types of uncertainty in AUM theory?

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: predictive and explanatory

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what is predicitive in AUM theory?

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). Predictive uncertainty is the degree to which an individual can predict strangers’ attitudes, feelings, and behaviors

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what is the explanatory in AUM theory?

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Explanatory uncertainty is the degree to which an individual can explain strangers’ attitudes, feelings, and behaviors.

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what is anxiety?

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Anxiety is an unpleasant, transitory state characterized by tension and apprehension

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. In order to manage uncertainty and anxiety effectively, people need to be _______ of their thoughts, actions, and messages.

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mindful

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Mindfulness itself involves three components:

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“(1) creation of new categories, (2) openness to new information, (3) awareness of more than one perspective”

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concept check on AUM

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Managing uncertainty and anxiety so that it is moderate (not too much and not too little) is the key for having effective communication with people from different cultures. Mindfulness is one cognitive tactic that helps us to manage uncertainty and anxiety. Information gatheringand ethical treatment are communication strategies that help to manage anxiety and uncertainty. While AUM is a useful theory for explaining initial interactions with strangers, not everyone is
motivated by anxiety and uncertainty management. Thus, the theory works well for some people, but not others.
CAT describes why people are motivated to use similar and dissimilar behavior with members of different cultural groups during initial interactions. The sociohistorical context and previous interactions create a starting point for our motivation. During interaction, we decide our affective and cognitive motivations and make behavioral choices that reflect these motivations. Finally, as a result of interacting with that person, we make attributions of the others’ behavior
and evaluate it to determine if we want to have future interactions with them.

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WHAT IS ACCOMODATION?

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(a) Accommodation includes the use of similar speech patterns and nonverbal behaviors to another person (also called convergence);
(b) Accommodation is often used to appear similar to the other person and thus more likeable as well as to facilitate understanding
© We tend to be oriented toward accommodation if our two groups have had positive interactions in the past, if we had a positive interaction with a member from her group (even if the groups had negative interactions) and/or if we have had positive interactions with that particular individual.
(d) Accommodating behaviors might include asking questions to check understanding, focusing on the other person’s conversational needs (such as by letting them choose the topics), and emotional expressions of
warmth, support, and caring.
(e) In general, accommodating behavior is viewed positively and results in a desire for future interaction

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WHAT IS NONACCOMDATION

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B. Non-accommodation
(1) Non-accommodation includes the use of differing verbal and nonverbal patterns (also called divergence)
(2) We tend to have a non-accommodation orientation if our two groups have had negative interactions in the past (such as Israeli and Palestinians or Sunnis and Shia) or we had negative interactions with that particular individual.
(3) In contrast, nonaccommodation is often used to emphasize distinctiveness (or a positive sense of self) and to remind others of nonshared memberships and thus avoid misunderstandings. Through accommodation and nonaccomodation, we attempt to negotiate our identities and meanings during initial interactions with members from other groups. For example, if we like someone and want to get to know him better, we might consciously or unconsciously mirror his patterns of interaction.
(4) Nonaccommodating behaviors include being negative/hostile, using
stereotypical behavior of the other group to patronize, or maintaining your own behavior
(neutral)
(5) Nonaccommodating behaviors include being negative/hostile, using
stereotypical behavior of the other group to patronize, or maintaining your own behavior
(neutral)
(6) nonaccommodating behavior is viewed negatively and results in not wanting to interact with that person or members of their cultural group (if we perceive that person as a typical member of his cultural group)