Intelligence

Front 1

Define Intelligence

Back 1

Intelligence involves the ability to learn from experience, to acquire knowledge, to reason and to solve problems, to deal with people and objects, and to adapt effectively to the environment.

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Sir Francis Galton

Back 2

•Believed that intelligence was

•General ability •General intelligence

-Showed itself in different ways

-Depended on environment

•Could be measured

•Individual differences

•Heritability of IQ

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Charles Spearman

Back 3

•Single general intelligence measure reflected mental capacity

•Intelligence testing

•General intelligence - g

Front 4

Alfred Binet

Back 4

•Intelligenceas an age-related set of abilities

•Developed first intelligence test that was widely used

•Designed to assess and predict performance at school

•General ability associated with specific but related mental functions e.g. reasoning,memory, vocab etc. m

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Binet intelligence test

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- Tested children mental ability

- Children 3 to 11 years old given test

•Tester followed standard set of instructions

•Tester would stop when it was clear that the child unable to answer questions

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Mentalage

Back 6

(MA)– based on how many questions answered correctly

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Chronologicalage

Back 7

(CA) –actual age of the child

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DAVID WECHSLER

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•Greater range of mental abilities

-Intelligences:

•Verbal = Vocabulary & comprehension

•Performance abilities - Skills less dependent on language

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Four conditions were presented to be considered intelligent

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Awareness

•Conscious and controlled

•Intentional

Goal directed

•Has a purpose

Rational

•Consistent and appropriate

Worthwhile

•Valued by others (constructive)

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Society Values

Back 10

•Literacy

•Numeracy

•Science and computers

•Judgement depends on who is making it and what it is they value

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Howard Gardner intelligence

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•Linguistic

•Musical

•Logical-mathematical

•Spatialbodily-kinesthetic

•Intrapersonal

•Interpersonal

•Naturalistic

•Existential

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Linguistic

Back 12

•Use of language and words (written and spoken)

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Musical

Back 13

•Musical competence, understanding pitch and rhythm

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Logical-mathematical

Back 14

•Numbers,logical steps to problem solving

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Spatial

Back 15

•Mentally rotating 3D shapes, using and forming visual images

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Bodily-kinesthetic

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•Athletes,dancers, gymnasts, physical performers

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Intrapersonal

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•Understand one’s own feelings

•Drawon feelings to guide one’s behaviour

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Interpersonal

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•Read other people’s moods, motivations, intentions and acting on them effectively.

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Naturalistic

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•Reorganising and categorising natural objects

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Existential

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•Ability to raise and consider basic questions about existence, life and death

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Howard Gardner belief and claims.

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•Argues that each intelligent is separate from the others and exist in different parts of the brain

Two key claims:

- All people possess them

•All people have a unique combination of them

•People can be weak in one and strong in another

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Controversy and criticisms of Howard ideas

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•Non-academicabilities are intelligences

•Over-estimatevalue of literacy & numeracy

•Othersocieties value different abilities as intelligent

•Not easily measurable

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What is Cultural bias

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Tendency of a test to give a lower score to a person from a culture different from that on which was standardised

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What is Culture fair tests

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Tests that do not discriminate against particular cultural or ethnic groups

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How do we create Culture fair tests

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•Limit the use of language

•Assessmental capabilities

•Minimise social factors e.g. sex, social economic status

•Does not depend on educational background

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Emotional Intelligence

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the capacity of individuals to recognize their own, and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately

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Daniel Goleman created the

Back 27

four attributes and his five constraints of Emotional Intelligence (EI or EQ).

Q=quotient

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Goleman’s Four Attributes (what is needed for this to occur)

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1.Perceiving emotion

2.Using emotion

3.Understanding Emotion

4.Managing Emotion

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Goleman’s five constraints (problems with EmotionalIntelligence)

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1.Self Awareness

2.Self regulation

3.Social skills

4.Empathy ( Understanding others emotions)

5.Motivation

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Factors affecting IQ

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•Age

•Cultural background

•Nature vs nurture (heredity vs environment)

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•Lewis Terman

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•Translated and adapted Binettest into English and for Americans

•Added questions for adults

•Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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•Visual sensation –

Back 32

purely physiological process involving neurological reactions to physical energy sources

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Visual perception

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•Meaning given to the sensory information detected by the sensory organs

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VISUAL PERCEPTION SYSTEM

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–Eyes

–Specific neural pathways (connect eye to brain)

–Visual processing areas in the cortex

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•Sensory perspective

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physiological structures & processes

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Psychological perspective

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•cognitive processes

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•Biological factors of illusions

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–Biological tendency to misperceive geometrical patterns in 2D

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•cognitive factors of illusions

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–Inappropriate mental strategies when making perceptual interpretations

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Perceptual compromise

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•occurs when 2 or more visuals conflict with each other when we are interpreting visual info, and we make aninterpretation that is not entirely based on one visual cue or the other

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Apparent distance theory

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•when two retinal images are the same size, but one image appears to be at a greaterdistance, then the one that appears further away will be interpreted as larger

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Visual illusions

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•misinter pretation (distortion or mistake) of real sensory stimuli

Front 42

Define Organisation

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•process of reassembling elements (or features) of visual info in an appropriate or meaningful way

–Influenced by past experiences

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Define Interpretation.

Back 43

•process of assigning meaning to sensory info –Influenced by psychological factors

– past experiences & context

–Morethan one interpretation can be made

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Define perception compromise

Back 44

How we see things and start to break it down if we are unable to understand what we are seeing.