Intelligence

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Intelligence

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the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Front 2

Controversies about Intelligence

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(1) is intelligence a single overall ability or several specific abilities? (2) can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?

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General Intelligence (g)

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Charles Spearman; helped in development of factor analysis approach in statistics and linked to many clusters.

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Howard Gardner

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proposes eight types of intelligence and an additional, existential intelligence.

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Existential Intelligence

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the ability to think about the question of life, death, and existence.

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Types of Intelligences

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(1) linguistic; (2) logical-mathematical; (3) musical; (4) spatial; (5) bodily-kinesthetic; (6) intrapersonal (self); (7) interpersonal (others); (8) naturalist.

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Robert Sternberg

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agrees with Gardner; suggests three intelligence instead.

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Sternberg's Intelligence

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(1) analytical intelligence; (2) creative intelligence; (3) practical intelligence.

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Analytical Intelligence

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intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests.

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Creative Intelligence

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intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas.

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Practical Intelligence

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intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).

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Emotional Intelligence

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the ability to perceive emotions, understand emotions, and use emotions.

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Components of Emotional Intelligence

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perceive emotion - recognize emotions in faces, music, and stories; understand emotion - predict emotions, how they change and blend; manage emotion - express emotions in different situations; use emotion - utilize emotions to adapt or be creative.

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Managing Emotion

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conveying different emotions through voices; anger, disgust, fear, and sadness.

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Anger

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low pitch, high intensity, more energy.

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Disgust

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low, downward directed pitch, with energy.

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Fear

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high pitch, little variation, low energy, fast speech rate with more pauses.

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Sadness

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high pitch, less intensity, more vocal energy, longer duration with more pauses.

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Voices

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competence and aloofness.

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Creativity

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the ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable; correlates somewhat with intelligence.

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Creativity (2)

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builds on knowledge and goes beyond current knowledge.

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Categorical Accessibility

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the ability to access relatively inaccessible knowledge is an indication of creativity.

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Promote Creativity?

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creative expansion.

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Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?

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Size and speed.

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Perceptual Speed

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people who score high on intelligence tests perceive stimuli faster, retrieve information from memory quickly, and show faster brain response times.

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Neurological Speed

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people who process perceptual information faster also tend to have faster also tend to have faster brain wave activity, and with greater complexity.

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Intelligence Testing

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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.

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Alfred Binet

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Binet and Theodore Simon; developed questions that would predict children's future progress in the Paris school system.

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Lewis Terman

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adapted Binet's test for American school children; Stanford-Binet Test (IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100)

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David Wechsler

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

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Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

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an intelligence test for school-aged children.

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Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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measures overall intelligence and eleven other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems; general information, arithmetic reasoning, and vocabulary.

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Principles of Test Construction

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standardization, reliability, and validity.

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Standardization

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administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.

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Normal Curve

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establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.

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Reliability

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a test is reliable when it yields consistent results; researchers institute different procedures.

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Split-half Reliability

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dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

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Test-Retest Reliability

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using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

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Validity

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what the rest is supposed to measure or predict.

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Content Validity

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refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.

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Predictive Validity

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refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

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High Intelligence

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people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.

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Intellectually Disabled

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required constant supervision before, but with a supportive family environment and special education, and care for themselves.

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Flynn Effect

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intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of twenty-seven points.

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Genetic Influence

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studies of twins, family members, and adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence.

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Adoption Studies

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adopted children show a marginal correlation in verbal ability to their adopted studies.

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Early Intervention Effects

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early neglect from caregivers leads children to develop a lack of personal control over the environment, and it impoverishes their intelligence.

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Schooling Effects

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schooling is an experience that pays dividends, which is reflected in intelligence scores. increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores.