Intelligence

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Intelligence

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the global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment

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operational definition

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actions or procedures used to measure a concept

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aptitude

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a capacity for learning certain abilities

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special aptitude tests

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predict whether you will succeed in a single area

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multiple aptitude tests

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measure two or more types of ability

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general intelligence tests

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assess a wide variety of mental abilities

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validity

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ability of a test to measure what it claims to measure

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objective tests

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gives the same score when different people correct it

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test standardization

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standard procedures are used in giving the test and it means finding an average score

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norm

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average score for a designated group of people

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Standard- Binet Intelligence Scales

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5 cognitive factors are measured; fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual- spacial processing, and working memory

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Intelligence quotient

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an index of intelligence defined as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

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deviation IQ

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an IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average in the person's score was relative to other scores

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terminal decline

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an abrupt decline in measured intelligence about 5 years prior to death

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performance intelligence

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measured by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks

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verbal intelligence

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measured by answering questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol- oriented tasks

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individual intelligence tests

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test of intelligence designed to be given to a single individual by a trained specialist

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group intelligence tests

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can be administered to a group of people with minimal supervision

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giftedness

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either the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes

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mental retardation

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the presence of a developmental disability, an IQ below 70 or significant impairment of adaptive behavior

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familial retardation

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mild mental retardation associated with homes that are intellectually, nutritionally, and emotionally impoverished

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phenylketonuria (PKU)

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children with this genetic disease lack an important enzyme and causes phenylpyruric acid to collect in their bodies

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microcephaly

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a disorder in which the head and the brain are abnormally small- causing severe retardation

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hydrocephaly

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water on the brain/ caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain cavities, pressure from the fluid can damage the brain and enlarge the head

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cretinism

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another type of retardation that occurs in infancy, results from an insufficient supply or thyroid hormone

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Down syndrome

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disorder that causes moderate to severe retardation and a shortened life expectancy

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fragile -x syndrome

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hereditary, thin, frail-looking area on the x(female) chromosome

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eugenics

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selective breeding for desirable characteristics

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fraternal twins

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conceived from two seperate eggs

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identical twins

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develop from a single egg and have identical genes

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early childhood education programs

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provide stimulating intellectual experiences, typically for disadvantaged preschoolers

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inspection time

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the amount of time a person must inspect a stimulus to make a correct judgement about it

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speed of processing

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speed with which a person can mentally process information

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neural intelligence

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speed and efficiency of the nervous system

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experiental intelligence

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specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time

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reflective intelligence

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an ability to become aware of one's own thinking habits

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metacognitive skills

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an ability to manage one's own thinking and problem-solving efforts

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multiple intelligence's

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howard gardners theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability

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g-factor

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a core of general intellectual ability that is assumed to explain the high correlation among various measures of intelligence

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culture-fair test

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a test designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than others