Intelligence

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

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systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence

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Emotional reasoning

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tendency to judge the validity of an idea by our emotional reactions to it

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Boring dictum

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intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure

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Intelligence test

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diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

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Abstract thinking

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the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

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g (general intelligence)

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hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people

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s (specific abilities)

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particular ability level in a narrow domain

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Fluid intelligence

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capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

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Crystallized intelligence

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accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time

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Multiple intelligences

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idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

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Existential intelligence

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the ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas, like the meaning of life

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Triarchic model

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model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberf positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative

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Analytical intelligence

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the ability to reason logically

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Practical intelligence

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the ability to solve real world problems, especially involving other people

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Creative intelligence

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our ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions

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Mental Age

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age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test

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Deviation IQ

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expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers

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Eugenics

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mvement in the early twentieth century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes by reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both

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Association fallacy

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error of confusing a claim's validity with the people who advocate it

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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mostly widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of fourteen subtests to assess different types of mental abilities

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Stanford-Binet IQ test

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intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University

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Culture-fair IQ tests

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abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often to be lesss influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests

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Bell curve

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diistribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle with progressively fewer scores toward the extremes

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Mental retardation

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condition characterized by an onset proir to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

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Family Studies

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examine the extent to which a trait runs in an intact family

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Twin studies

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compares correlations in a trait in both identiceal and fraternal twins

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Adoption studies

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examines the extent to which children adopted into new home resemble their adoptive vs biological parents

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Selective placement

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Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of their biological families

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Experimenter expectancy effect

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the tendency of researchers to unintentionally influence the outcome of studies

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Flynn effect

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finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of about 3 points per decade

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Test bias

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tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another

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Between-group heritability

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the extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced

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Within-group heritabiliity

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the extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced

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Stereotype threat

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fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype

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Psychopathology

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mental illness

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Statistical rarity

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uncommon in the population

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Subjective distress

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mental illnesses that produce emotional pain for individuals

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Impairment

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mental illnesses that interfere with people's ability to function in everyday life

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Societal disapproval

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conditions that society dislikes

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Biological dysfunction

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results from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems

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Demonic model

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view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voisces, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

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Medical model

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perception that regarded mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

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Asylums

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instituions for the mentally ill created in the fifteenth century

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Moral treatment

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approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill

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Deinstitutionalization

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incorporate psychiatric patients into society