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9(1)(a)


Trade Marks Act 1999


Absolute Grounds for Refusal



The trade marks-

Which are devoid of any distinctive character, that is to say, not capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one person from those of another person

Lacking in something

Section 9(1)(b)


Trade Marks Act 1999


Absolute Grounds for Refusal



The trade marks-

Which consist exclusively of marks or indications which may serve in trade to designate the kind, quality, intended purpose, values, geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or rendering of the service or other characteristics of the goods or services

Designating character or feature

Section 9(1)(c)


Trade Marks Act 1999


Absolute Grounds for Refusal



The trade marks-

Which consist exclusively of marks or indications which have become customary in the current language or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade

Customary use of TM