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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Integumentary System |
consists of the cutaneous membrane and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, some muscles and nerves). The skin in our largest organ (1.5-2m sqaured), varying in thickness over the body surface (0.5-4.0mm) and is composed of all 4 tissue types |
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Histology |
medical specialty for diagnosis and treatment of integumentary system disorders. |
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Two Layers of Cutaneous Membrane |
Epidermis Dermis |
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Epidermis |
superficial, thin portion of cutaneous membrane, composed of epithelial tissue only |
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Dermis |
Deeper, thicker portion |
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Two names of supeficial fascia |
subcutaneuous layer (SubQ) or hypodermis |
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General Functions of the skin and subcutaneous layer include: |
Protection, Thermoregulation, Production of Keratin, Sysnthesis of melanonin, Storage of lipids, Location of receptors for nervous system |
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Melanocytes |
Make different shades of skin. The # is the same in all skin, just sensitivity is different. |
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Stratified Squamouns Epithelium cells (5) |
contains five principal types of cells: 1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhans cells 4. Merkel Cells 5. Basal Cells |
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Keratinocytes |
90% of epidermal cells, most abundant epithelial cells in the body. Cells that make a lot of tough keratin (a tough fibrous protein) |
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Keratinization |
formation of a dead layer of cells - takes about 2-4 weeks for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum, but this process can occur more quickly if required (i.e. wound) |
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Melanocytes |
cells that make a pigment called, Melatonin, which contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV light (8%) |
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Langerhans Cells |
Skin macrophages that contribute to immune responses. They migrate to epidermis from the red bone marrow. (2%) |
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Merkel Cells |
Sensory cells located in the deepest layer of the epidermis. They are attached to the end of sensory neurons (in the dermis) and give us some of our sense of touch (<1%) |
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Basal Cells |
stem cells in the lowest layer of the dermis - have a high mitotic rate and ability to differentiate into keratinocytes. When stem cells divides via mitosis is does not produce two daughter cells with identical fates: one remains a stem and other differentiates to become keratinocyte |
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Layers of the epidermis (5 layers) |
1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Lucidum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Sprinosum 5. Stratum Basale |
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Stratum Basale |
deepest epidermal layer - contains merkel cells, melanocytes, Basal stem cells |
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Stratum Sprinosum |
(spiny layer) Just superficial to the stratum basale and consists of 8-10 layers of living keratinocytes cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out continue to divide, increasing thickness |
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Stratum Granulosum |
(grainy layer) 3-5 cell thick. Keratinocytes eventually undergo apoptosis (controlled cell death) -stops dividing, starts producing keratin: tough fibrous protein, makes up hair & nails |
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Stratum Lucidum |
(Clear Layer) found only in areas with thick skin (palm of hands, sole of feet) |
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Stratum Corneum |
(horn layer) - exposed and consists of 15-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes that filled with keratin - water resistant |
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Callus |
a thicken of the stratum corneum caused by constant exposure to fiction |
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Basic Organization of Epidermis |
Surfact Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale Basement Membrane Dermis |
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Psoriasis |
a common disorder of the epidermis, where skin regenration takes only 7-10 days, instead of the usual 2-4 weeks. Keratinization is abnormal and incomplete, and it makes the skin flaky and scaly. |
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Skin colour influenced by pigments (3) |
1. Carotene 2. Melanin 3. Blood cells |
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Carotene |
yellow/orange that normally accumulates in epidermal cells. Carotene is found in a variety of organ vegetables, such as carrots and squashes |
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Melanin |
brown/black pigment produced by melanocytes of the stratus basale |
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Blood Vessels Pigment |
red pigment in the blood carrier oxygen. It appears red when carrying oxygen and blueish when it is not. The more blood circulating, the more hemoglobin is close to the skin surface, so it looks more red |
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If the melanin is small... |
the skin is pale yellow and you might be able to see blood vessels |
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Pap Smear examines... |
squamous epithelial cells |
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Dysplasia |
abnormal formation |
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Epithelial Cell Shapes |
1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar
(single vs several) |
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Albinos |
have melanocytes but are missing an enzyme and they cannot produce any melanin. The sin, hair and eyes of albinos have no coloration |
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What do freckles, age spots and birth marks mean? |
That there are large accumulations of melanin in those spots |
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Blue (skin and nail beds) - Indicates & Visual |
Cyanosis - Shock inadequate blood flow -> blood is not properly oxygenated |
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Yellow (skin and eyes) - Indicates & Visual |
Jaundice - Liver Dysfunction. Billirubin, a yellow pigment, is not being broken down properly by the liver |
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Red - Indicates & Visual |
Eryhema - burn, inflammation, allergy. Capillaries in skin fill with blood. |
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Skin Cancers (2) |
Carcinoma & Melanoma |
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ABC's of a cancerous mole |
A = asymmetry: difference in each half B = Border: irregular, sometimes notched C = Colour; irregular D = Diameter; greater than 5mm E = Elevation; elevated is suspicious |
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Vitamin D3 |
some exposure to sunlight is needed to allow cells of the stratum spinosum and basale to make vitamin D3 from cholecalciferol. It is used by the kidneys to make calcitriol, which helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorous. |
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Dermis (two parts) |
Located between the epidermis and subcutaneous (Papillary Layer & Reticular Layer) |
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Papillary Layer |
superficial layer that forms papillae that prject between epidermal ridges |
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Reticular Layer |
deeper layer that contains large amounts of collagen and elastic fibers made by fibroblasts |
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Stretch Marks |
loss of elasticity, skin reenforces with collagen and that is not elastic which creates scar. |
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Dermatitis |
- inflammation of the papilary layer - caused by infection, radiation, mechanical, chemicals, irritation - characterized by itch or pain |
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Two types of Fibers |
Collagen (tough) Elastic (stretchy) |
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Epidermal Growth Factor |
Powerful peptide growth factor Produced by glands (salivary & duodendum) Used in labs to grow skin grafts |
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Functions of Epidermal Growth Factor |
Promotes division of stem cells Accelerates keratin production Stimulates epidermal repair |
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Hypodermic |
Fat Distribution of fat differs (gender/hormones) Liposuction (reduces fat) |
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Accessory structures of skin (3) |
Hair, Nails & Glands |
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Hair |
composed of columns of dead, keratinized cells bonded with protieins consists of shaft, root and SubQ layer. Straight hairs are ciccular in cross section wile curly ones are bean shaped |
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Hair Concentric Layers |
Inner Cortex - may be lacking in thinner hair Middle Medulla - contains keratin and pigment for hair colour provided by melanocytes in the hair bulb Outer cuticle - made up of single layer of flat, very keratinized cells arranged like cedar |
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Subum |
Secreted by Oil Glands lubricant Waterproofing Anti-bacterial Sexual Attractant |
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Apocrine Sweat Glands |
- found in arm pits, around nipples and groin - bacteria cause odors not secretions - surrounded by myoepithelial cells (sqeeze apocrine gland secretion onto skin surfact) |
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Eccrine Sweat Glands |
- all over body - discharge water and salts directly onto skin surface functions: thermoregulation, excretion, flsuhing |
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Mammary Glands |
Produce Milk |
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Nails |
tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells |
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Nail Root |
proximal portion buried in a fold of skin. Epithelial cells in the nail root divide by mitosis to produce growth. The superficial cells transform into hard cells and are pushed forward by the continuous transformation of nail cells. |
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Acne |
bacterial inflammation of sebaceous glands that usually begins with puberty, when these glands grow in size and increase their production of sebum |
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Diaphoresis |
excessive perspiration, is associated with medical conditions (shock, heart attack) |
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Ceruminous Glands |
produce a waxy substance and empty into the ear canal. They secrete earwax which provides a sticky barrier to protect the ear canal |
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Mammary Glands |
produce milk for nourishment of young. |
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Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) |
UV radiation -> epidermal cells produce Vit. D3 Liver & Kidneys convert Vit. D3 into calcitriol - aids absorption of calcium & phosphorus
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Rickets |
Weaks bones due to insufficient vitamin D3. Osteomalacia in adults |
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Epidermal Wound Healing |
Slight damage to the epidermal cells (abrasions, minor burns) - Some cells of the stratum germinativum break their attachments to the underlying dermis and migrate along the basement membrane to fill in the gap. Stem cells then divide and replace cells that are missing |
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Four stages to Deep Wound Healing |
1. Inflammatory Phase 2. Migratory Phase 3. Proliferative Phase 4. Maturation Phase |
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Inflammatory Phase |
- mast cells trigger inflammatory response. Nearby blood vessels become dialated and more permeable allowing some immune system cells to move in and phagocytize dead cells and any bacteria that in the wond |
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Migratory Phase |
the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells of the strtum basale migrate beneath the scab to close the wound. Fibroblast start making scar tissue. Blood vessels begin to regrow. |
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Proliferative Phase |
the processes continue, with epithelial cells growing extensively under the scab and more collagen is laid down by fibroblasts |
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Granulation TIssue |
scar tissue |
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Maturation Phase |
the scab falls off when the epidermis reaches its normal thickness. Collagen fibers become more organized and blood vessels are restored to normal. |
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Scar tissue has ____ and is ____ |
no sweat and inflexible |
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Age Related Changes |
5-11 in text |
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Rule of Nines for Adults |
Quick way of assessing burn: Head 9% Upper limbs 9% each Trunk 36% (front & back) Genitalia 1% Lower Limb 18% each |
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Skin Grafting |
If no way to regenerate skin then skin graft is required. A graft can be transplanted from another part of body (usualy thigh or gluteal). Sheats can also be grown in lab. There is also a spray of cells. |
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First Degree Burn |
involves only the epidermis. It is characterized by mild pain and redness, but no blister. No impairment of skin function occurs and healing occurs in 3-6 days
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Second Degree Burn |
destroys the epidermis and possibly parts of the dermis. Redness, edema, pain and blister occurs. Diagnosis is blisters. Some skin function is lost. There is usually no injury to accessory strctures and healing occurs in 3-4 weeks. |
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Blister |
fluid filled separation between the epidermis and dermis. |
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Third Degree Burn |
destroys epidermis, dermis and possibly subQ layer and associated structures. The area is marked by edema and the burned region is numb due to destruction of sensory nerve ending. Most skin functions are lost. Regeneration occurs slowly and many require skin grafting. |
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A burn is considered major if: (3) |
Third degree burn over 10% of body surface Second Degree over 25% Third Degree burn on hands, feet, face, perineum (anal & urogenital regions)
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If area bured exceed ___ about ___ patient die |
80% 50% |
