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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 components of skin? |
1. skin 2. associated structures (hair, glands, nails, etc.) |
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what are the 6 functions of the integumentary system? |
1. regulates body temp 2. stores blood 3. protection 4. detects cutaneous sensations 5. excretes/absorbs substances 6. synthesis of vitamin D |
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what is dermatology? |
the study of the structure, function, and disorders of the integ. system |
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what are the 3 layers of the integ. system? |
1. epidermis 2. dermis 3. subcutaneous tissue |
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what part of the integ. system is NOT a part of the skin? |
the subcutaneous layer |
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what are the characteristics of the epidermis? |
thin, superficial, composed of epithelial tissue, avascular |
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what is the epidermis composed of? |
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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what are the 4 principle types of cells in epidermis? |
1. keratinocytes 2. melanocytes 3. intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhan's cells) in the skin 4. Merkell cells (tactile cells) |
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what are the 4 steps in melanin transfer? |
1. melanocyte projections extend between keartinocytes & transfer melanin granules to them 2. once inside the keratinocytes, melanin granules cluster to form protective veil around nucleus on skin surface side 3. this shields DNA, preventing UV damage from sun 4. Melanocytes susceptible to UV damage |
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what are the parts of the epidermis? |
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum |
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what stratum is only found in thicker tisssue? |
stratum lucidium |
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where are lamellar granulaes located? |
stratum granulosum |
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what is the name of the protein that converts keratin intermediate filaments into keratin? |
keratohyalin |
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where in the epidermis is protein found? |
stratum granulosum |
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which strata are tactile cells found? |
stratum basale |
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which strata are intermedial macrophages found> |
stratum spinosum |
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what are the 2 principle regions of the dermis? |
papillary region (1/5) reticular region (4/5) |
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what is in the papillary region of the dermis? |
dermal papillae, capillary loops, meissner corpuscles, free nerve endings |
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what is found in the reticular region of the dermis? |
adipocytes w/ course elastic fibers, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, macrophages |
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what 3 things give skin its pigment? |
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene |
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what are the two different types of melanin? |
pheomelanin & eumelanin |
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what is colour pheo melanin resonsible for? |
yellow/red |
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what colour is eumelanin responsible for? |
brown/black |
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what colour is hemoglobin responsible for? |
pink/red |
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what colour is carotene responsible for? |
yellow/orange |
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what causes grey hair? |
progressive decline in melanin |
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what causes white hair? |
bubbles in hair shaft |
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what are the 3 concentric layers of the hair from inside deep to superficial? |
medulla, cortex, cuticle |
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what are the two main parts of hair? |
hair root, hair shaft |
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what do both the root and shaft have in common? |
they share concentric layers |
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what composes the hair follicle? |
external root sheath + internal root sheath = epithelial root sheath dermal root sheath |
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what composes the bulb? |
papilla of hair & hair matrix |
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what is in the papilla of hair? |
areolar connective tissue & blood vessels |
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what composes the hair matrix? |
germinal (still dividing) layer of cells |
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what are the 4 types of glands? |
sebaceous (oil) glands, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine glands, & ceruminous glands |
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which glands are activated at birth? |
eccrine sweat glands & ceruminous glands |
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which glands are activated at puberty? |
subaceous oil glands & apocrine glands |
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what are the different components of the nail? |
nail body, free edge, and nail root |
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what is the nail body? |
visible portion of the nail |
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what is the free edge of a nail? |
the nail that extends beyond the tip of a finger/toe |
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where is the nail root located? |
buried in skin fold/not visible |
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what are the other structures of the nail? |
hyponychium, eponychium, & nail matrix |
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what is the function of the hyponychium? |
secure nail to fingertip (below free edge/stratum corneum) |
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what is the function of the eponychium? |
narrow band of epidermis that extends from/adheres to the margin of nail wall (stratum corneum) |
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what is the function of the nail matrix? |
epithelium proximal to the nail root which contains dividing cells that produce new nail cells |
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what are the functions of nails? |
protect ends of digits, provide support/counter pressure to palmar surface of fingers, enhances touch perception/manipulation, allows us to grasp/manipulate small objects, scratching/grooming the body |
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what is thermoregulation? |
cooling/warming of the body |
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what are the ways the skin cools the body? |
sweating (evaporation) & shunting of blood (dilation of blood allows more blood to flow through dermis = increase heat loss) |
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what are the ways skin heats the body? |
decreasing sweat, shunting closer to vital organs, muscle contraction (shivering) |
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what is special about the stratum corneum? |
few-50 rows of dead keratinocytes |
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what is special about the stratum granulosum? |
it contains keratohyalin & lamellar granules, organelles begin to degenerate |
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what is special about the stratum spinosum?
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8-10 rows of many sided keratinocytes, projections of melanocytes, intradermal macrophages |
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what is special about the stratum basale? |
one row of cuboidal/columnar keratinocytes w/ tonofilaments, stem cells, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells |
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what is special about the stratum lucidum? |
only present in palms/fingertips/soles; 4-6 rows of clear/flat heavily keratinized keratinocytes |
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what is vitamin D? |
a vitamin that absorbs calcium from food in GI tract and puts it into the blood |
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which organs are associated with vitamin D synthesis? |
liver/kidney |
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who is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency? |
people who live where little sun light is, people who always use sun screen, & those of darker complexion |
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what are some conditions that vitamin D deficiency can create? |
rickets(children)/osteomalacia (adult rickets) |
