Integumentary System

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Integumentary System

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An organ system that consists of skin and the accessory structures hair nails and skin glands

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Integument

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another name for skin
Cutaneous = skin

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The two types of body membranes

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Epithelial membrane-composed of epithelial tissue with a underlying connective tissue
Connective tissue-made of various types of connective tissue...no epithelial cells

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What are the three types of Epithelial tissues?

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1. Cutaneous
2. Serous
3. Mucous

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Cutaneous Membrane

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also known as skin is the primary organ of the integumentary system.
- one of three types of epithelial tissues

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Serous Membranes

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Type of epithelial tissue that lines body cavities and covers organs.
- two types of serous membranes
1. parietal-lines walls of of body cavity
2. visceral-covers the organs

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Pleura

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The serous membranes of the thoracic cavity

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peritoneum

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serous membranes of the abdominal cavity

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Mucous Membranes

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epithelial membranes that cover the body surfaces open to the exterior
ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts.
- produces mucous that keeps membranes soft and moist

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Functions of the Integumentary System include

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-protection
-anchors organs together or to bones
-cover internal organs/cavities
-decrease friction during movements
-decrease friction between joints

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Connective Tissue

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- Type of body membranes
-Does not contain any epithelial components
- Found between bones, joints (Synovial Membranes) and between many moving parts (bursae sacs).

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The skin or Cutaneous membrane is composed of what layers

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1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
these layers are supported by the subcutaneous tissue also known as the hypodermis

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Epidermis

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outermost layer of the skin made of stratified squamous cells

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Dermis

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The deeper of the the two layers of the skin. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made mostly of connective tissue

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Layers of the Epidermis

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-Stratum Germinativum- inner most layer.
-Stratum Corneum-tough outer layer

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Stratum Germinativum

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-Innermost layer of epidermis
-the cells move towards surface
functions include: protection of layers below, protect against infections

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Startum Corneum

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-tough outer layer of empidermis
- Cells filled with keratin are continually being pushed to the surface

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Keratin

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- A protein that is tough, waterproof and provides cells of the outer layer of skin with a abrasion-resistant and protective quality

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Skin Pigment

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-Is produced in the deepest cell layer of the epidermis
- Melanin the brown pigment is produced in this layer by melanocytes
- the higher the concentration the darker the skin

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Melanin

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produced by melanocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis

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Dermis

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-Is the deeper of the two skin layers.
-composed of connective tissue
- Dermis has two layers: the papillary layer and the Reticular layer

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Papillary Layer

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Layer of the dermis, Characterized by the parallel rows of tiny bumps called Dermal Papillae.
-These upward projections help bind skin layers together

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Reticular Layer

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deeper layer of the dermis
-dense network of interlacing fibers
-give toughness, elasticity to skin

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Functions of the Dermis

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In addition the connective tissue elements the dermis contain nerve endings to process pain, pressure, touch and temp
-there is muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sabaceous glands and blood vessels

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Accessory structures of the skin

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- hair
-receptors
-nails
-skin glands

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Hair Papilla

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-A small, cap shaped cluster of cells where hair growth begins
-located at the base of follicle

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Arrector Pili

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-tiny smooth muscle
-attached at the base of the dermal papilla above and to the side of the hair follicle.
-causes hair to stand when contracted:with fear and cold

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Receptors

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receptors of the skin make it possible for the surface to act as a sense organ relaying messages to the brain concerning sensations: touch, pain, temp, pressure

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Nails

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produced by the cells of epidermis.
nails are formed when epidermal cells fill with keratin and become hard and platelike.
structures:free edge, nail body, lanula, cuticle, nail root, nail root

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skin glands

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Skin glands include two varieties:
1. sweat or sudoriferous
2. Sebaceous

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Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

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-Most numerous skin gland
-Two types of sweat glands:
1. eccrine: throughout body
2.aporcrine: found in axilla (armpit) & genital area

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Eccrine glands

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Eccrine sweat glands of the skin produces transparent, watery liquid called perspiration or sweat
sweat eliminates waste products and maintaining temp

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Apocrine Glands

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Apocrine sweat glands found in axilla (armpit and pigmented skin of the genitals. They secrete thicker secretions that have odor caused by skin bacteria

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Functions of the skin

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protection
temperature regulation
sense organ activity