Integration Of Nervous System

Front 1

Components of sensation

Back 1

Stimulation of receptor >> transduction of stimulus >> generation of nerve impulses >> integration of sensory input

Front 2

Dorsal-Column/ Medial-Lemniscal System

Back 2

carries sensations of proprioception, pressure, vibration and two-point discrimination to cerebrum & cerebellum.
- Fasciculus gracilis:sensations from inferior to midthoracic level
- Fasciculus cuneatus:impulses from above midthorax
*Primary neurons have cell bodies in dorsal and root ganglion
*Secondary neurons:axons decussate & ascend to thalamus
*Tertiary neurons:project to somatic sensory cortex

Front 3

General Senses

Back 3

Somatic & Visceral

Front 4

Trigeminothalamic Tract

Back 4

Cranial nerve V; fibers join the spinothalamic tract in brainstem; carries similar info to that if the spinothalamic & dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system..from face, nasal cavity and oral cavity

Front 5

Somatic Senses

Back 5

touch, pressure, itch, vibration, temp, pain, propriception(knowing related position of body

Front 6

Spinocerebellar System

Back 6

-Posterior and anterior tract carries proprioceptive info to cerebellum, most of which is unconscious
-Actual movements monitered and compared to cerebral info representing intended movement

Front 7

Sensory Area of Cerebral Cortex-

Association Area of Cerebral Cortex-

Back 7

Sensory- where sensations are percieved

Association- immediately adjacent to sensory centers (the helping hands)

Front 8

Visceral Senses

Back 8

info about internal organs, consists primarily of pain and pressure

Front 9

Types of Sensory receptors

Back 9

Based on type of stimulus:
Mechanoreceptors(mechanical) Thermoreceptors(temp) Nociceptors(pain) Photoreceptors(light) Chemoreceptors(smell) Osmorereceptors(osmotic pressure)

Front 10

Other Sensory Tracts:
-Spinoolivary
-Spinotectal

Back 10

Spinoolivary:contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance
Spinotectal:involved in reflexes that turn the eyes and the head toward point of cutaneous (affecting the skin) stimulation

Front 11

What are Sensory Receptors?

Back 11

-free nerve endings( for pain and thermoreceptors)
-Encapsulated nerve endings
-Seperate Cells (hair cells, photoreceptors & gustatory receptor cells)

Front 12

Sensory receptors based on location

Back 12

-Exteroceptors (body surface)
-Interoceptors (internal organs)
-Proprioceptors (muscle & tendons)

Front 13

Responses of Sensory Receptors:
GRADED POTENTIAL

Back 13

receptor or generator potential, results from interaction of sensory rec. w/stimulus
-Primary Receptor: Axons conduct action potential in response to receptor potential (pain, touch)
- Secondary receptors: release neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential (smell, taste, hearing, balance)

Front 14

Responses of Sensory Receptors:
ACCOMMODATION

Back 14

(adaption)
decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus

Front 15

Responses of Sensory Receptors:
PROPRIOCEPTORS

Back 15

precise position and rate of movement of various body parts, and range of movement of a joint
- Slowly adapting(Tonic) receptors: accomadote very slowly (you know where little finger is without looking)
- Rapidly adapting(Phasic) receptors: accommodate rapidly (you know where little finger is as it moves)

Front 16

Function of Sensory Nerve Tracts

Back 16

transmit action potentials from periphery(outside boundry) to brain. Each pathway is specific for type of info transmitted

Front 17

Sensory Nerve Tracts:
ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM

Back 17

conveys coetanous (equal duration) info to the brain, includes: Spinothalamic, Spinoreticular, and Spinomesencephalic tracts

Front 18

Sensory Nerve Tracts:
SPINOTHALAMIC

Back 18

carries pain and temp info. also light touch and pressure, tickle and itch

Front 19

Sensory Nerve Tracts:
SPINORETICULAR

Back 19

transmits sensory info to neurons in reticular formation which then project to intralaminar nuclei (located in thalamus)

Front 20

Sensory Nerve Tracts:
SPINOMESENCEPHALIC

Back 20

terminates in midbrain tectum(dorsal part of midbrain), integrates somatic sensation w/visual and auditory info

Front 21

Referred Pain

Back 21

Painful sensation in skin or other superficial structures, originate in a region which is not the source (sensory receptors from both regions converge on to the same ascending neurons which the brain cant differentiate)

Front 22

Control of Skeletal Muscles:
MOTOR SYSTEM

Back 22

maintains posture & balance; moves limbs, trunk, head, eyes; facial expression, speech

Front 23

Control of Skeletal Muscles:
REFLEXES

Back 23

movements that occur without conscious thought

Front 24

Control of Skeletal Muscles:
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

Back 24

consciously activated to achieve a specific goal

Front 25

Control of Skeletal Muscles:
TWO NEURONS

Back 25

upper and lower
-Upper motor neurons:directly or through interneurons connect to lower
-Lower motor neurons:axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles. Cell bodies in anterior horns of spinal cord & in cranial nerve nuclei of brainstem

Front 26

Reticular Activating System

Back 26

area of brain responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake cycle
-inputs from cerebral cortex(mental activites)
-inputs from limbic system(emotional activities)
-sensory inputs (smell, auditory..etc)

Front 27

Speech
How Does it work?

Back 27

Area normally in left cerebral cortex
-Sound heard first in association area, then travels to Wernickes area. Neuronal connections between Wernickes area and Brocas area.

Front 28

Speech:
WERNICKE'S AREA

Back 28

sensory speech- understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say

Front 29

Speech:
BROCA'S AREA

Back 29

motor speech- sending messages to appropriate muscles to actually make the sounds

Front 30

Speech:
APHASIA

Back 30

absent or defective speech or language comprehension. caused by lesion somewhere in auditory/speech pathway

Front 31

Right and Left Cerebral Cortex

Back 31

Right:
*controls muscular activity in and recieves sensory info from left side of body.
*Language- three-dimensional or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability
Left:
*controls muscular activity in and recieves info from right side of body
*Language- math and speech
---Sensory Info shared by both hemispheres through commissures in corpus callosum

Front 32

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 32

records brains electrical activity. Summation of all action potentials occuring at a particular moment sensed by electrodes placed on scalp.

Front 33

Brain Wave Patterns (4)

Back 33

-Alpha: Resting state with eyes closed
-Beta: During intense mental activity
-Theta: Occurs in kids but also adults experiancing frustration or brain disorders
-Delta: Occurs in deep sleep, infancy, and severe brain disorders

Front 34

Memory (4)

Back 34

-Immediate: recall for a few seconds
-Short-term: temporary ability to recall for seconds to minutes
-Long term memory: more permanent (days to years)
-Memory consolidation (reinforcement by frequent retrival)

Front 35

Effects of Aging on Nervous System

Back 35

-Gradual decline in sensory and motor function
-Reflexes slow
-Size and weight of brain decrease
-Decreased short term mem. in most people
-Long term mem. unaffected or improved
-Change in sleep patterns