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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the etiologies of HF that lead to a depressed EF?
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a. CAD
b. Chronic pressure overload c. Chronic volume overload d. Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy e. AND MORE |
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2. What are the etiologies of HF that lead to a conserved EF?
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a. Pathologic hypertrophy
b. Aging c. Restrictive cardiomyopathy d. Endocardial disorders |
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3. What is NYHA class I HF?
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a. Cardiac disease
b. No limitation of activity c. Ordinary activity does not cause symptoms |
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4. What is NYHA class II HF?
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a. Slight limitation of activity
b. Ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina |
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1. What is NYHA class III HF?
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a. Marked limitation of physical activity
b. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina |
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6. What is NYHA class IV HF?
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a. Inability to carry on any activity without discomfort
b. Symptoms such as angina may be present at rest c. Symptoms worse with any degree of physical activity |
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7. What is systolic HF?
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a. Decreased pumping of LV
b. LV remodeling |
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8. What is the tx focus for systolic HF?
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a. Prevention of LV remodeling
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9. What is diastolic HF?
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a. Due to decreased myocardial relaxation
b. Due to structural changes due to fibrosis or cardiomyopathy c. Can be due to a-fib with RVR |
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10. What are the ssx of HF?
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a. Dyspnea
b. Orthopnea c. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea d. Cheyenne-Stokes respirations e. Acute pulmonary edema |
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11. What are Cheyenne-Stokes respirations?
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a. Periodic or cyclic respirations present in advanced HF
b. Rapid respirations followed by apnea |
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12. What are the PE findings of HF?
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a. Varying BP
b. Rapid respiration c. JVD d. S3/S4 e. Hepatomegaly, ascites, tenderness f. Symmetric peripheral edema |
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13. What does S3 indicate?
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a. Volume overload
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14. What does S4 indicate?
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a. Diastolic dysfunction
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15. What are the two important natriuretic peptides in HF?
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a. BNP
b. Pro-BNP |
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16. When is BNP/pro-BNP released?
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a. During ventricular stretch or pressure
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1. What happens to BNP/pro-BNP levels with age?
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a. Increase
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18. In what types of disorders are the natriuretic peptides elevated?
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a. Preserved EF patients
b. Right-side heart failure c. Women |
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19. What is the usefulness of natriuretic peptides in order to titrate tx?
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a. Not very useful
b. Tx should be directed to reduction symptoms and maximizing CO |
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20. What is the ECG evidence of LVH?
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a. Tall R wave in aVL,
b. ST changes in V3-V6 and precordial leads |
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21. What are some signs of HF on a CXR?
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a. Enlarged silhouette
b. Cephalization c. Edema d. Pleural effusions e. Prominent hilar vessels f. Full, fuzzy hilum and basal congestion |
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22. What is the CXR evidence of cardiomegaly?
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a. Transverse diameter of heart is larger than the diameter of hemithorax
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23. What is the CXR evidence of pulmonary edema?
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a. Butterfly appearance
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24. What are two ways to assess LV function?
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a. Left ventriculogram during cath
b. 2D echo with doppler |
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25. What is the effect of eccentric hypertrophy on EF?
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a. Causes decreased EF
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26. What does systolic dysfunction look like in a HF patient?
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27. What does a diastolic dysfunction look like in a HF patient?
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28. How do you tx HF?
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a. Tx underlying condition
b. Exercise c. Restriction of Na d. Rx e. Device tx |
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29. What pharm agents can be used to tx HF?
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a. Diuretics
b. ACE inhibitors c. ARBs d. BB |
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30. When is cardiac resynchronization indicated?
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a. Patients on optimal medial tx AND→
b. EF< 35% c. QRS>120 ms d. NYHA class III or IV |
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31. When is an implantable cardiac defibrillator indicated?
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a. NYHA II-III with→
b. EF< 35% c. Maximal medical tx |
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32. When can BiV pacer and ICD be combined?
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a. NYHA class III-IV
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