Integration And Control Systems Of Brain Chapt 14 Seeley

Front 1

What are somatic senses?

Back 1

touch
pressure
temperature
proprioception
pain

Front 2

What are visceral senses?

Back 2

pain
pressure

Front 3

What are special senses?

Back 3

sight
hearing
smell
taste
balance

Front 4

What is sensation?

Back 4

perception / conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

Front 5

What does sensation require?

Back 5

stimulus
receptor
conduction of action potential to CNS

Front 6

name the different types of sensory receptors (5)

Back 6

1. mechanoreceptors

2. chemoreceptors

3. thermoreceptors

4. photoreceptors

5. nociceptors

Front 7

mechanoreceptor

Back 7

mechanical stimulus
touch
tickle
itch
vibration
pressure
proprioception
hearing
balance

Front 8

chemoreceptor

Back 8

chemicals binding
taste
smell

Front 9

thermoreceptors

Back 9

changes in temperature

Front 10

photoreceptors

Back 10

light

Front 11

nociceptors

Back 11

painful mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli

Front 12

What do free nerve endings detect

Back 12

light touch, pain, itch, tickle and temperature

Front 13

What do Merckel cells detect?

Back 13

light touch
superficial pressure

Front 14

What do hair follicle receptors detect?

Back 14

light touch when hair is bent

Front 15

What do pacinian corpuscles detect?

Back 15

pressure

in joints, proprioception

Front 16

What do Meissner corpuscles detect?

Back 16

2 point discrimination

Front 17

What do Ruffini end organs detect?

Back 17

continuous touch and pressure

Front 18

What do muscle spindles detect?

Back 18

proprioceptors

Front 19

What is a primary receptor?

Back 19

has an axon that transmit action potential to CNS

Front 20

What is a secondary receptor?

Back 20

no axons, but release neurotransmitters

Front 21

what is adaptation?

tonic receptor?

phasic receptor?

Back 21

decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus.

tonic = accommodate slowly

phasic = accommodate rapidly

Front 22

What are the 2 major ascending pathways and what do they carry?

Back 22

anterolateral

dorsal column / medial-leminiscal system

carry conscious and unconscious sensations

Front 23

What does the spinothalamic tract carry and where is it located?

Back 23

pain
temperature
light touch
tickle
pressure
itch

located in anterolateral system

Front 24

Describe an action potential path in the spinothalamic tract

Back 24

primary neurons synapse with secondary neurons.

secondary neurons transmit to thalamus

thalamus relays via tertiary neuron to appropriate somatic sensory cortex

Front 25

spinoreticular tract

Back 25

project to reticular formation and influence level of consciousness

Front 26

spinomesencephalic tract

Back 26

carry action potentials from cutaneous pain receptors.

eye reflexes

Front 27

What does the dorsal-column / medial lemniscal system carry?

Back 27

2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration

Front 28

describe the pathway of an a.p. thru the dorsal-column / medial-lemniscal tract

Back 28

primary neurons synapse with secondary neurons in the medulla.

secondary neurons cross over and go to thalamus

synapse with tertiary neuron and message goes to appropriate somatic sensory cortex

Front 29

What goes on the trigeminothalamic tract?

Back 29

sensory information from face, nose and mouth

Front 30

spinocerebellar system

Back 30

carry unconscious proprioception to cerebellum from same side of body

Front 31

spinoolivary tract

Back 31

contributes to coordination of movement

Front 32

Do descending pathways increase or decrease conscious perception of sensation?

Back 32

decrease perception

Front 33

Where is taste on the cerebral cortex?

Back 33

inferior to postcentral gyrus

Front 34

Where is olfactory cortex?

Back 34

inferior frontal lobe

Front 35

Where is primary auditory cortex?

Back 35

superior temporal

Front 36

where is visual cortex?

Back 36

occipital lobe

Front 37

name two major association areas

Back 37

somatic sensory association area

visual association area

Front 38

where are upper motor neurons located?

Back 38

cerebral cortex
cerebellum
brainstem

Front 39

where are lower motor neurons located?

Back 39

cranial nuclei
anterior horn of spinal cord grey matter

Front 40

Where is the primary motor cortex?

what is associated with this area

Back 40

precentral gyrus

premotor and prefrontal areas are staging areas for motor functions

Front 41

What do the direct pathways maintain?

Back 41

muscle tone
control fine, skilled movements in face and distal limbs

Front 42

What do the indirect pathways maintain?

Back 42

control conscious and unconscious muscle movements in the trunk and proximal limbs

Front 43

what controls muscle movements below the head?

Back 43

corticospinal tracts

Front 44

What tracts innervate the head?

Back 44

corticobulbar tracts

Front 45

What are some indirect pathways?

Back 45

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
fibers from basal nuclei

Front 46

Why is the basal nuclei important in movement?

Back 46

plannin
organizing
and coordinating motor movements and posture

Front 47

What are the 3 parts of the cerebellum involved in modifying motor movements?

Back 47

1. vestibulocerebellum (balance and eye movement)

2. spinocerebellum (corrects discrepensies between intended and actual movements)

3. cerebrocerebellum (learn highly specific complex motor activities

Front 48

What does the brainstem contain?

Back 48

nuclei for cranial nerves:
III-X
XII
and nuclei for reticular formation

Front 49

What is RAS?

Back 49

collateral branches of trigeminothalamic neurons projecting into reticular formation

wakefulness and consciousness

(if u are in a coma, the reticular formation / RAS is damaged)

Front 50

what are some vital functions controlled by the brainstem?

Back 50

heart rate
blood pressure
respiration

Front 51

What is Wernicke's Area?

Back 51

sensory speech area

important for understanding and formulating coherent speech

Front 52

What is Broca's area?

Back 52

Motor speech area

initiates complex series of movements necessary for speech

Front 53

What is aphasia?

What are the types and what area are they associated with

Back 53

absent or defective speech or language comprehension

1. receptive (wernicke's aphasia)
defective auditory and visual comprehension

2. jargon / conduction aphasia
(both wernicke's and broca's)
fluently but unintelligibly or poor retention

3. Anomic (separation of wernicke's area from parietal or temporal association areas)
fluent but circular speech, poor word finding ability

4. expressive aphasia (broca's)
hesitant distorted speech

Front 54

Each cerebral hemisphere controls and receives input from the _________side of the body

Back 54

opposite

Front 55

What connects the left and right hemispheres?

What is the largest?

Back 55

commissures

corpus callosum (allows sharing between hemispheres

Front 56

Which hemisphere is usually dominant in most people?

What does it control?

Back 56

left

controls speech and analytic skills

Front 57

What does the right hemisphere control?

Back 57

spatial and musical abilities

Front 58

What are the 3 types of memory?

Back 58

Short term
sensory
long term

Front 59

What are the effects of aging on the nervous system?

Back 59

1. general decline in sensory and motor functions

2. short term memory is decreased

3. Thinking ability is not decreased

Front 60

What type of receptors detect changes in blood glucose, oxygen and hydrogen ions?

Back 60

chemoreceptors

Front 61

Which type of nerve ending detects changes in temperature?

Back 61

free nerve endings

Front 62

Proprioceptors are found in the skin, T or F?

Back 62

False

Front 63

where do ascending pathways have secondary neurons that decussate inside the spinal cord?

Back 63

spinothalamic tract

Front 64

Where does decussation occur (ascending pathways)?

Back 64

spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Front 65

What is the fasciculus gracilis and where is it located?

Back 65

conveys sensations from nerve endings below midthoracic level

Dorsal column

Front 66

what is the fasciculus cuneatus and where is it located?

Back 66

conveys sensations from above midthoracic

dorsal

Front 67

Which pathway are the gracilius and cuneatus fasciculi?

Back 67

dorsal-column / medial-lemincus

Front 68

Describe the 3 neurons in sequence in the spinothalamic tract and where each is located

Back 68

primary
dorsal root ganglia

secondary
cross thru anterior gray and white commissures of spinal cord and up to thalamus

tertiary
in thalamus to somatic sensory cortex

Front 69

Which tract do the ascending secondary neurons decussate in spinal cord?

Back 69

spinothalamic

Front 70

Where in the spinal cord is the fasciculus gracilus located

Back 70

dorsal column

Front 71

Which pathway do the fasiculus gracilus and fasiculus cuneatus belong to?

Back 71

dorsal-column / medial lemniscal

Front 72

What does the posterior spinocerebellar tract convey?

Back 72

thoracic and above lumbar stuff

Front 73

What does the anterior spinocerebellar tract convey?

Back 73

below lumbar stuff

Front 74

what should you think of with spinoolivary tract?

Back 74

balance

Front 75

What shoul you think of with spinotetal tract?

Back 75

reflexes turning head and neck toward a point of cutaneous stimulation

Front 76

What does the dorsal-column / medial lemniscal tract relay to thalamus?

Back 76

2 point discrimination
proprioception
pressure
vibration

Front 77

What does the reticulospinal tract send motor info about?

Back 77

posture adjustment, walking

Front 78

What does the corticospinal tract send motor info about?

indirect or direct?

Back 78

conscious skilled movements
hands especially

direct

Front 79

what does the corticobulbar tract send motor info to?

indirect or direct?

Back 79

head and face
facial expression
chewing

direct

Front 80

What does the rurospinal tract send motor info to?

indirect or direct?

Back 80

movement coordination

indirect (unconscious)

Front 81

What does the vestibulospinal tract send info to?

Back 81

maintains upright posture
balance

indirect (unconscious)

Front 82

What does the tectospinal tract send info to?

Back 82

head and neck movements in response to auditory and visual reflexes

indirect

Front 83

what's another way to say indirect pathways and define it

Back 83

extrapyramidal system

less precise control, more overall body posture

Front 84

what do the prefrontal lobes do?

Back 84

planning and initiating movement
concentrating
planning
complex problem solving

Front 85

describe a lateral corticospinal tract

Back 85

motor nerve fibers originate in precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe

fibers decussate in pyramids of medulla oblongata

fibers descend in spinal cord to motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

Front 86

what is apraxia?

Back 86

deals with complex, skilled or learned movements
impedes this when a lesion is on premotor area.
hesitancy and reduced dexterity to perform above movements

Front 87

describe alpha brain waves

Back 87

awake but quiet resting state with eyes closed

Front 88

What is characteristic of a beta wave?

Back 88

higher frequency--occur during intense mental activity

Front 89

What is characteristic of a theta wave?

Back 89

usually occur in children, but can also occur ing adults who are experiencing frustration or have certain brain disorders

Front 90

What is characteristic of Delta waves?

Back 90

occur in deep sleep, in infancy and in patients with severe brain disorders

Front 91

Describe a EEG chart with awake and asleep

Back 91

Awake=alpha and beta waves
sleep stage 1=REM
sleep stage 2
sleep stage 3
sleep stage 4=Delta waves

Front 92

What are characteristics of REM sleep?

Back 92

eyes flicker
EEG resembles that of a waking state
dreams occur

Front 93

What is aphasia?

Back 93

defective speech
Broca's area

Front 94

What does the amygdaloid do?

Back 94

explicit memory
fear

Front 95

Where is procedural memory stored?

Back 95

cerebellum and premotor area

Front 96

What are the effects of aging on the nervous system?

Back 96

hair follicles and free nerve endings stay the same but pacinian and Meissner corpuscles decrease.
More difficulty with touch, 2 point discrimination and decreased awareness to pressure
loss of proprioception
sensory neurons and motor neurons loose function
reflexes slow
short term memory
sleep patterns

Front 97

What are the 2 types of strokes?

Back 97

hemorrhagic--bleeding of arteries supplying brain tissue

ischemic--blockage of arteries supplying brain tissue
thrombus (clot)
embolism (plug, fat globule, gas bubble)

Front 98

Discuss Lumbar Puncture
Where?
What's normally in CSF?
what is it tested for?
what are complications?

Back 98

subarachnoid space below L2

Normally CSF contains cells, water, protiens, sugars

CSF is tested for red and white blood cells, protein, glucose, clarity, color and presence of bacteria, viruses or abnormal cells

complications may include:
headaches
infection
temporary numbness or lower back pain
bleeding in spinal canal
pressure / brain herniation

Front 99

What does a lumbar puncture test for?

Back 99

meningitis
encephalitis
cancer
bleeding in subarachnoid space
Reye syndrome
myelitis
neurosyphilis
Gullian Barre Syndrome
demyelinating diseases
pressure--manometer
por fin, used to inject medicines directly into spinal cord