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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inorganic Chemistry
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the study of compounds without carbon as its central element
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Organic Chemistry
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the study of compounds where carbon is the principle element, whether formed by living things or not
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Hydrocarbons
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an organic compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
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Alkanes
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hydrocarbons with a single covalent bond
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Saturated molecule
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contains all the hydrogen atoms possible
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Cycloalkanes
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those that form in cyclic structures
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Isomers
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compounds with the same molecular formulas with different structures, and so different properties
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Alkenes
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hydrocarbons with a double covalent (C = C) bond
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Unsaturated hydrocarbon
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does not contain the maximum number of hydrogens
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Alkynes
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hydrocarbons with a triple bond(C≡C)
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Benzene
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C6H6
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Benzene
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Alternating single and double bonds in a ring that are delocalized – able to move throughout the whole molecule.
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Aromatic hydrocarbons
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compounds that contain the benzene ring
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Petroleum
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a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and some aromatics
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Petroleum
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formed from the slow decomposition of buried marine plankton and algae
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Petroleum
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after formation, it accumulates in what is called an oil field.
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Crude oil
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petroleum pumped from the ground
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Natural gas
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mostly methane, but a mixture of light hydrocarbons
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burning rate is described by
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the octane number
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Some derivatives of petroleum
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gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, motor (lubricating) oil, petroleum jelly, paraffin wax, asphalt
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Hydrocarbon derivatives
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when one or more hydrogen atom on a hydrocarbon have been replaced by some element or group of elements other than hydrogen
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Reactions that produce hydrocarbon derivatives
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substitution and addition reactions
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Organic halide or alkyl halide
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A hydrocarbon where a hydrogen is replaced with a halogen
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Polymer
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a long chain of repeating units
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Monomer
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an individual segment that combines to make a polymer
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Synthetic polymers
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man-made polymers coming from a wide variety of substances
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Thermosetting polymer
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a polymer made with cross-links and does not re-form to original shape
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Thermoplastic polymer
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a polymer made with linear chains and melts easily
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Functional groups
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an atom or group of atoms on an organic molecule that is the site of a chemical reaction
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Alcohols
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one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by hydroxyl groups (-OH)
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Alcohols
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made during sugar fermentation
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Ethers
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R - O - R’
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Aldehydes
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carbonyl group at the end of a chain
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Ketones
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the carbonyl group is in the middle of the chain
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Organic acids
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acids derived from organisms
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Organic acids
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many can be derived from fats, called fatty acids.
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Organic acids
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also called carboxylic acids because they contain a carboxyl functional group
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Esters
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compounds with characteristic odors and tastes, perfumes, and artificial flavors
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Amines
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compounds responsible for distasteful odors
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Macromolecules
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very large molecules made from similar repeated monomers
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Carbohydrates
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organic molecules composed of C, H and O, linked together to form monomers called simple sugars or monosaccharides.
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Carbohydrates
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serves as an immediate source of energy
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Proteins
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macromolecules made of smaller molecules of amino acids with roles in biological structures and functions
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Amino acid
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a short carbon skeleton that contains an amino group on one end and a carboxylic acid group on the other end
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Primary Structure
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specific sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
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Secondary Structure
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the shape the chain take
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Tertiary Structure
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when different portions of the molecule are shaped in different ways
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Quaternary Structure
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when several of these polypeptide chains come together
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Denatured protein
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when energy from heat or light break bonds within a protein changing that proteins’ properties
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Structural proteins
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proteins who's role is maintaining the shape and cells of organisms
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Regulator proteins
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proteins that determines activities of organisms
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Carrier proteins
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protein that delivers molecules from one place to another
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Nucleic Acids
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complex polymeric molecules that store and transfer information
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DNA
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determines which protein will be made
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RNA
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plays a role in actual production of proteins
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nucleotide monomers
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a. simple sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), b. phosphate group, c. nitrogenous base (5 possible)
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5 nitrogenous bases
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adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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deoxyribose & A, T, G, C
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RNA
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ribose & A, U, G, C
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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formed on surface of DNA and moves to cell’s ribosome where message is translated
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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produces ribosomes
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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carries amino acids to the ribosomes
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Lipids
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a macromolecule, commonly referred to as fats
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True (neutral) fats
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fats from food, i.e. olive oil - used to provide energy
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Phospholipids
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cell membranes, emulsifier - helps to mix fats
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Steroids
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most hormones, cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone
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