Integement Pathology- Epidermis

Front 1

What is hyperkeratosis?

Back 1

An increased thickness of stratum corneum

Front 2

Name 2 types of hyperkeratosis.

Back 2

Orthokeratotic
Parakeratotic

Front 3

How do Orthokeratotic &
Parakeratotic differ histologically?

Back 3

O- anuclear cornified epithelial cells
P- nucleated cornified epithelial cells

Front 4

What is epidermal hyperplasia?

Back 4

Increased thickness due to proliferation of epithelial cells

Front 5

Acanthosis

Back 5

Increase thickness due to proliferation of cells of the stratum spinosus

Front 6

Psoriasiform hyperplasia

Back 6

regular epidermal projections into dermis (regular type of proliferation)

Front 7

. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia

Back 7

branching anastomosing projections

Front 8

Papillated hyperplasia

Back 8

Finger or spike like projections on surface

Front 9

Give an example of a cause or a location for Psoriasiform hyperplasia.

Back 9

Psoriasiform dermatitis, pityriasis roses

Front 10

Give an example of a cause or a location for Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia.

Back 10

Margin of ulcers, preneoplastic change

Front 11

Give an example of a cause or a location for Papillated hyperplasia.

Back 11

calluses, papillomas, seborrhea

Front 12

What is epidermal dysplasia?

Back 12

disorganized proliferation of epidermal cells w/ loss of normal orientation with respect to the basement membrane (basal lamina)

Front 13

Give 2 examples of conditions in which epidermal dysplasia is seen.

Back 13

preneoplastic & neoplastic change (cells become disorganized)

Front 14

Define epidermal atrophy?

Back 14

decreased thickness of epidermis due to a decreased size of individual cells.

Front 15

Regarding pathogenesis, how do atrophy & hypoplasia differ?

Back 15

Atrophy is a decrease in size of individual cells where as hypoplasia is a decrease in the number of cells.

Front 16

Give an example of epidermal atrophy in dogs.

Back 16

endocrine dermatopathies, ischemia, malnutrition

Front 17

Define epidermal necrosis.

Back 17

death of cells in the living organism

Front 18

Give 3 different examples of causes for epidermal necrosis.

Back 18

physical injury (freezing, burns)
chemical injury (irritant contact dermatitis)
ischemic injury (vasculitis, thrombosis)

Front 19

Define dyskeratosis.

Back 19

premature keratinization of epidermal cells in deeper skin layers.

Front 20

What are 2 examples of dyskeratosis.

Back 20

Zn responsive dermatosis &
carcinoma

Front 21

Define spongiosis / spongiotic vesicles

Back 21

Its an example of severe intercellular edema, spongy appearance, occurs in many different types of inflammation

Front 22

Define ballooning degeneration

Back 22

Its an example of intracellular edema with more superficial cells

Front 23

Define vacuolar degeneration

Back 23

A form of intracellular edema

Front 24

Define reticular degeneration

Back 24

A form of intracellular edema

Front 25

Define hydropic degeneration.

Back 25

A form of intracellular edema that causes intracellular degeneration of basal cells. ex. lupus erythematosus.

Front 26

Define the lesion / pathogenesis for epidermal acantholysis?

Back 26

Loss of adhesion bt. intercellular bridges
Autoimmune diseases
Damaged cells in vesicles (viral, bacti, pustular)

Front 27

Define the lesion affliated with Vesicles / Bulla.

Back 27

epidermal/dermal edema, frictional defects (blisters)

Front 28

Give an example of an infectious cause of Vesicles (blisters) / Bulla.

Back 28

intraepidermal blister

Front 29

Give an example of a congenital cause for vesicles/bulla.

Back 29

subepidermal vesicles/bulla

Front 30

Give an example of autoimmune cause for vesicles/bulla.

Back 30

subcorneal & suprabasilar, intrabasilar
subepidermal

Front 31

Define exocytosis.

Back 31

Migration of cells into the epidermis

Front 32

Give 2 examples based on cell type of exocytosis.

Back 32

leukocytic
erythrocytic

Front 33

Define the lesion for pustules

Back 33

vesicles containing leukocytes

Front 34

Give an example of a cause for each of the following types:
a. Neutrophilic pustule
b. Eosinophilic pustule
c. Lymphocytic pustule

Back 34

a. bacterial, autoimmune
b. allergic, autoimmune, idiopathic
c.epitheliotropic lymphoma- neoplastic

Front 35

Define the lesion for crusts.

Back 35

dried exudate on skin surface

Front 36

Why is examination of crusts useful?

Back 36

contents may be diagnostically useful

Front 37

Name 3 different type cells that contain melanin pigment

Back 37

melanocytes
melanin-containing keratinocytes
melanin-containing macrophages

Front 38

Give 3 examples when an examination of crusts may be useful useful?

Back 38

Bacterial infection- dermatophilosis
Autoimmune disease- pemph. follaceus- acanthocytes
mycotic infection- fungal hyphae- hair shafts in crust

Front 39

How is the pigment acquired in melanocytes?

Back 39

These cells produce melanin

Front 40

Define the lesion for hyperpigmentation:

Back 40

excess pigmentation

Front 41

Give an example of a condition caused by hyperpigmentation?

Back 41

chronic inflammation, some endocrine diseases

Front 42

Define the lesion for hypopigmentation

Back 42

decreased pigmentation

Front 43

Give 2 congenital or hereditary causes of hypopigmenation

Back 43

lack of or detective melanocytes- color mutant alopecia

Front 44

Give 2 examples of acquired causes of hypopigmentation

Back 44

1) copper deficiency, loss of melanocytes due to burn
2) Pigmentary incontinence- lupus erythematosus (autoimmune disease)

Front 45

Define the lesion for dermal atrophy?

Back 45

Decrease # of collagen fibrils & fibroblasts, with decrease thickness.

Front 46

Give the pathogenesis for dermal atrophy?

Back 46

1) Increase catabolism protein (Cushings dz.)
2) Usually not recognized histologically w/o controls.

Front 47

Define the lesion for fibroplasia / fibrosis:

Back 47

scar tissue formation

Front 48

Give the usual cause for fibroplasia / fibrosis.

Back 48

response to injury- ulcerations

Front 49

Define "granulation tissue" as it pertains to fibroplasia / fibrosis.

Back 49

exuberant scar tissue formation, ulcers healing from the bottom up.

Front 50

Define the lesion for collagen dysplasia.

Back 50

Heredity: abnormal #, size & organization of fibrils

Front 51

What is the main clinical sign(s) seen for collagen dysplasia?

Back 51

increase stretchability/ elasticity & fragility that may cause tearing

Front 52

What are some diseases that may be caused by collagen dysplasia?

Back 52

cutaneous asthenia, dermatosparaxis

Front 53

What inflammatory cell is usually associated with collagen degeneration?

Back 53

associated degranulation eosinophils

Front 54

Name 3 different diseases in which collagen degeneration occurs.

Back 54

hypersensativity Rxn- insect bites
Mast cell tumors
feline eosinophilic plaques

Front 55

Give an example of a specific disease in which amyloid deposition occurs.

Back 55

plasmacytoma (plasma cell tumor)

Front 56

What is the composition of mucin?

Back 56

(Mucoprotein) Its a hyaluronic acid-containing protein

Front 57

Give 2 examples of causes of dermal mucin accumulation.

Back 57

mucinosis in Shar-Peis

myxedema- hypothyroidism

Front 58

Give 3 different types/ examples of causes of dermal mineralization.

Back 58

1) Altered collagen/metabolic disease which causes dystrophic mineralization

2) Granulomatous inflammation, trauma, idiopathic

3) Abnormal Ca, P & Vit. D metabolism causing metastatic mineralization

Front 59

Define perivascular dermatitis

Back 59

Its a normal inflammatory response that is stereotypical, might be caused by a type of leukocyte

Front 60

________ is considered a band of inflammatory cells along epidermal-dermal interface

Back 60

Lichenoid/interface dermatitis

Front 61

______ is typically mononuclear & usually autoimmune/immune mediated.

Back 61

Lichenoid/interface dermatitis

Front 62

_________ equals epidermal-dermal junction remains distinct

Back 62

lichenoid

Front 63

________ equals loss of distinct epidermal dermal junction (merge)

Back 63

interface

Front 64

Define lichenoid dermatitis

Back 64

Inflammation that occurs parallel to the epidermis usually w/o basal cell injury

Front 65

Define interface dermatitis

Back 65

Inflammation arranged in a layer close to & often obscuring the epidermal-dermal junction

Front 66

What is a common cause of Lichenoid/interface dermatitis?

Back 66

autoimmune or immune mediated

Front 67

Define nodular dermatitis:

Back 67

An infectious or non-infectious granulomatous/ pyogranulomatous inflammation that can be caused by mycotic, bacteria, parasites & hypersensitivity.

Front 68

Name the 3 stages of the hair cycle

Back 68

Anagen (growing)
Catagen (intermediate)
Telogen (resting)

Front 69

Give 2 examples of causes of reversible hair follicle atrophy

Back 69

reversible pathological atrophy- nutritional, endocrine

Loss of adnexa- severe inflammation, burns, ischemia, etc.

Front 70

Give an example of a cause non-reversible lesion

Back 70

3rd degree burn, severe inflammation or ischemia

Front 71

Define adnexal hyperplasia

Back 71

Caused by chronic inflammation in the sebaceous & apocrine glands

Front 72

Give an example of a cause of sebaceous hyperplasia

Back 72

chronic inflammation of the sebaceous gland

Front 73

Define follicular dysplasia:

Back 73

abnormal development of hair follicles

Front 74

Give an example of a cause for follicular dysplasia.

Back 74

hereditary/ breed predisposition

Front 75

Define perifolliculitis

Back 75

inflammation around but not involving the hair follicle

Front 76

Define folliculitis

Back 76

Inflammation of a hair follicle

Front 77

Define furunculosis

Back 77

Inflammation that weakens the follicular wall of a hair follicle leading to rupture.

Front 78

Give 3 different types of agents that can cause inflammation of the hair follicle?

Back 78

mycotic, parasites, bacterial

Front 79

Give 3 different types of agents causing lesions For inflammation of hair follicles:

Back 79

Bacterial-staphylococcus
Myocotic- microsporium, trichophyton
Parasites- demodex, pelodera

Front 80

Define sebaceous adenitis

Back 80

Inflamaation of the sebaceous gland, accompanies folliculitis

Front 81

What is term for inflammation of the sweat glands?

Back 81

Hidradenitis

Front 82

Give an example of a cause for sebaceous adenitis & Hidradenitis

Back 82

sebaceous adenitis- primary idiopathic, secondary to folliculitis

Hidradenitis- usually secondary to other causes of folliculitis

Front 83

Define panniculitis

Back 83

Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue

Front 84

Give 4 different types of causes for panniculus adiposa

Back 84

1) Infectious- bacteria, mycotic
2) autoimmune- systemic lupus erythematosus
3) Physical injury- trauma, injection rxn.
4) Nutritional- Vit. E deficiency

Front 85

What would be a primary/secondary cause of panniculus adiposa?

Back 85

Primary- Nutritional
Secondary- physical injury

Front 86

What are the morphilogical types of panniculitis?

Back 86

Lobular
septal
nodular

Front 87

List the components of the skin which develop from the ectoderm.

Back 87

epidermis

Front 88

List the components of the skin which develop from the mesoderm.

Back 88

dermis and hypodermis

Front 89

List the components of the skin which develop from the neuroectoderm.

Back 89

melanocytes

Front 90

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis.

Back 90

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum, lucidum (BSGCL)