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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Various types of war |
1. Conventional 2. Total 3. Hegemonic (Systematic) 4. Guerilla 5. Civil 6. Identity |
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Conventional War |
Violent conflict between two or more states using traditional weaponry ("flying chunks of metal") |
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Total War |
War that requires every resource of society to be mobilized in order to prosecute the conflict (e.g World War II) |
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Hegemonic War |
Wars that are fought for control or to shape international political structure (i.e. to rule the world) |
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Guerilla War |
Low intensity conflict usually involving a state and a local insurgency |
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Civil War |
War where the respective belligerents are factions within a state rather than nations or countries |
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Identity War |
Conflict where differences in ethnic, racial, or other constructed distinction is the source of conflict |
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Karl Von Clausewitz's view of war |
-Masses are motivated by sense of national animosity -Army devises strategies to take account of the contingencies of war -Political leaders establish their aims and objectives of military action -War is an extension of politics -War is tool for sovereign to protect state |
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Revolution in military affairs |
-Development and use of technologically advanced weapons systems to create battlefield dominance -Long bow to ballistic missile to drone -Rise of postmodern warfare - Cyberwar? |
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Just war theory |
-Moral principles can be a guide to determining when war is just |
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Why just war theory? |
-Nature of human beings makes war more or less inevitable -Need to develop criteria when going to war (jus ad bellum) -Need to limit damage and impact of war (jus im bello) -Philosophy behind laws of war |
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Elements of just war |
1. Self defense (always justified) 2. Last resort 3. Legitimate authority 4. Just cause 5. Properly conducted |
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Problems with just war |
-Are preventative or pre-emptive attacks justified? -Disproportionality may bring about a more rapid resolution to the conflict (e.g. using nuclear bombs on Japan in 1945) -Can torture be justified if it saves lives? |
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What makes nuclear weapons different than conventional ones? |
-more psychological than physical -balance of power to balance of terror -quantity is less important -prevents outbreak of conventional war between nuclear powers |
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Elements of nuclear weapons |
-electromagnetic pulses: kills electronics -thermal pulses: singes everything -blast wave: largest part, obliterates everything that isn't underground -nuclear radiation: radiation kills cancer |
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Strategy of the superpowers during the cold war |
-Deterring enemy aggression with the threat of overwhelming retaliation for a hostile act -Mutually Assured Destruction: Any nuclear attack will be met with such a nuclear massive counterstrike that the destruction of both belligerents is guaranteed |
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Arms controls and reductions treaties |
-limiting vertical nuclear proliferation 1. strategic arms limitation treaty ('72,'79) 2. strategic arms reduction treaty ('91, '97) 3. intermediate nuclear forces treaty ('87) 4. strategic offensive reduction treaty ('02) 5. biological weapons convention ('72) 6. chemical weapons convention ('93) |
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Different types of terrorism |
1. Insurrectionary terrorism 2. Issue terrorism 3. Nationalist terrorism 4. Global Terrorism |
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Insurrectionary Terrorism |
-Aimed at the revolutionary overthrow of a state -ex. FARC in Colombia or Shining Path in Peru |
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Issue Terrorism |
-Aimed at the promotion of a single cause -ex. Abortion clinic bomber and shooter |
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Nationalist Terrorism |
-Aims to overthrow colonial rule or occupation, often with the goal of gaining independence for an ethnic, religious or national group -ex. ITA, ERA, or Hamas |
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Global Terrorism |
-Attacks on power of global power and hegemony -US is current hegemon, so it is target -Most global counter-hegemonic violence is inspired by Islamist beliefs and ideologies |
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Goals/objectives of terrorism |
-physical and psychological damage in pursuit of a political goal -create a cohesion among fragmented groups -ruin existing status quo deemed unacceptable (northern ireland) -outbid a rival group (zealots vs. sellouts) -raise awareness about cause (airline hajacking in '80s) |
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Different aspects of counter terrorism |
1. State security (police) 2. Military 3. Political |
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Police: Prevention |
-acknowledging a threat but not having solid information about when, where, and why a terrorist act might occur and who might be responsible -focus is on acquiring information and taking action to disrupt attacks in planning stage -tactics include surveillance, interrogation, infiltration, and disruption |
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Police: Pre-emption |
-having knowledge of an imminent attack and taking measures to stop it -pre-emptive military strike or other action -torture and rendition -intervention |
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Military |
-waging a war on terror -invasion of Afghan to deny safe haven -russia war in chechnya -israeli wars in gaza |
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Political |
-resolved through political settlements -good friday agreement ended most terrorism in northern ireland -end of apartheid in south africa |
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Islamic terror groups |
1. Al Qaeda 2. ISIS 3. AQAP 4. Boko Haram 5. Al Shabaab |
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Al Qaeda |
-failure to stir Islamist revolution in Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, etc., caused a switch in tactics-began as an insurrectionary group
-switched from near enemy to far enemy (US) -responsible for: WTC bomb attempt in 1993, Luxor Massacre 1997 Egypt, Embassy bombing in Africa 1998, USS Cole 2000, 9/11 |
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ISIS |
-active mainly in Eastern Syria and Northern Iraq
-rose to power amid the vacuum created by the weakening of Assad in Syria |
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AQAP |
-Al Qaeda affiliate active in Yemen and isolated regions of Saudi Arabia
-one of the most powerful Al Qaeda subsidaries -famous leader Anwar al-Awlaki (CSU Class of '91) killed in drone strike in 2013 |
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Boko Haram |
-active in the central Saharan region of Africa
-affiliated with ISIS-Bring Back Our Girls -engaged in rape and murder of girls, prompted Nigerian army to combat them |
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Al Shabaab |
-ISIS affiliated militia active in Somalia and parts of Northern Kenya
-hijack food aid and give it only to those who pledge their allegiance |
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Argument in film power of nightmares |
-Terrorism is real but it's reach is greatly exaggerated and unproven to be a large web in multiple countries
-Our media is able to make it into something worse than it is |
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Poverty |
living on less than $2.50/day
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Children in poverty |
slightly less than half the children in the world |
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Chronic undernourishment |
-1/8 -800 mil. |
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Children mortality in poverty zones |
22,000 |
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People without access to clean water |
1 billion |
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People without access to proper sanitation |
2.6 Billion |
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Children don't go to school |
121 Million |
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Don't have access to healthcare |
270 Million |
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Children lack sufficient shelter |
640 Million |
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Modernization Theory |
-dominant approach to development in the '60s and '70s -top-down one size fits all approach -promulgated by hegemonic power structure |
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Stages of modernization theory |
1. traditional agrarian societies 2. pre-condition to take-off 3. take-off 4. maturity 5. high mass-consumption and consumerism |
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Millennial Development Goals |
1. reducing by half the total population living on less than $1/day and who suffer from
malnutrition 2. universal primary education 3. gender equality in education and movement toward total gender equality 4. reducing infant mortality rate by 2/3 5. improving maternal health 6. combating HIV, malaria, etc. 7. reducing by half those without access to safe drinking water 8. improving international trading and financial system and cancellation of debt held by states |
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1st Generation Rights (political) |
-Rights of person: life, liberty, privacy, property
-Rule of Law: equal protection, habeas corpus, fair trial -Political Rights: speech, expression, assembly and association, suffrage |
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2nd Generation Rights (social) |
-Economic: minimum wage, labor organization
-Social: Standard of living, education, welfare, health care -Cultural: right to join group, protection of indigenous lifestyles |
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3rd Generation Rights (group) |
-Self-determination
-Environmental protections -Economic development -Good governance, absence of corruption |
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Human rights conventions and treaties |
-Universal Declaration (1948): foundational document
-International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (1966): expands on UD and 1st gen rights -International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966): 2nd gen rights -Geneva Conventions -Declaration of Rights of the Child (1959) -Convention to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women (1979) |
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Key Treaties US has not signed |
-Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966)
-Convention on the rights of the Child (1989) -Convention on Indigenous People (1991) -International Criminal Court (1999): Unsigned |
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Responsibility to Protect |
-In a globalized world, those who rule states can no longer hide behind the protections of sovereignty
-When human security is at risk, states have a responsibility to protect vulnerable populations -Individual security trumps state sovereignty |
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CNN Effect |
-Problem with responsibility to protect |
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Places where issues of humanitarian intervention are most relevant |
1. Libya 2. Syria 3. Rwanda |
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Libya humanitarian intervention |
-dictatorship of Khadafi and collapse of civil society amid Arab Spring puts local populations at risk
-the international community has responsibility to protect vulnerable populations and prevent massacre and genocide -limited NATO bombing and humanitarian assistance since 2011 |
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Syria humanitarian intervention |
-Shows the failure of R2P.
-Proof of having chemical weapons was supposed to call the international community to intervene but very little happened -Not until Russia became involved and ISIS became more prevalent did we up our involvement. |
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Rwanda humanitarian intervention |
The US failed to acknowledge the genocide in Rwanda as an actual genocide and therefore refused to intervene
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Ecology |
Study of natural environmental systems and impact of artificial factors on natural environment
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Sustainability |
Ability of natural environment to support human activities related to industrialization
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Externality |
Cost of economic activity that impacts wider world but is not factored in the price of the product
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Shallow ecology |
An environmental consciousness that endorses reforms and steps to conserve environment (but not at the cost of economic growth)
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Deep ecology |
An environmental consciousness that endorses radical steps toprotect the environment, even if this comes at the expense of human comforts
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Problems with climate change |
1. Rising Sea Levels (could cause mass migration)
2. Heat waves and Desertification (can threaten food supply) 3. Increases in Rainfall and More Severe Storms 4. May all disrupt economy |
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Treaties and Protocols |
-Global Climate Change Treaty (1992): acknowledged danger
-Kyoto Protocol: set quotas on carbon reduction (unsigned by US and other developed states) -UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): consensus that global warming is "human made" -Durban 2011: treaty is necessary and must be ready by 2015 -Doha 2012: rich nations have obligation to assist developing nations in transitioning to sustainable development -2015 meeting in Paris: agreed to limit emissions to try to keep warming under 2C |
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Copenhagen protocol |
-Met in Denmark in 2009 but failed due to:
1. weak reduction pledges on the part of developed nations 2. insufficient amounts of compensation for developing nations |
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Montreal Protocol |
abolishes the use of most CFCs. signed by 146 countries, including the US. succeeded in reducing by 90% the use of CFCs
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Arguments offered by climate change skeptics |
1. Earth goes through cycles of warming and cooling
2. Nature emits far more CO2 than humans 3. Astrophysical factors EX sun spots, shift in Earth's orbit, etc. |
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Peak Oil |
-With a finite resource like oil, at some point, demand will permanently eclipse supply, and expansion will be impossible
-Environmentalist say peak point has beenreached -Oil companies say peak point is still in the future as new technologies harvest previously untappable wells |
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Ways of curbing oil consumption |
1. New technologies for domestic production, energy independence, and potential export
2. Conservation 3. Alternative fuels (wind, solar, biofuel) |
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Physical Water Scarcity |
-lack of water, drought
-Middle East, Northern China, and Western North America |
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Economic Water Scarcity |
-lack of potable water
-Africa, part of Asia and Central America |
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Infectious diseases that pose a threat to global health |
1. Influenza
2. HIV/AIDS 3. Malaria 4. Ebola |
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Influenza |
-airborne virus, easy to spread
-kills more than any other disease annually |
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Flu Pandemics |
-SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): spread quickly from Asia to Canada, killed 800 and incapacitated 8,000. Cause cancellation of several global events (Women's World Cup)
-"Bird" Flu (H1N5): originated in Asia, not very infectious in human to human contact -"Swine" Flu (H1N1): emerged in Mexico, very infectious. killed around 10,000 in US in 2009 |
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HIV/AIDS |
-attacks body's immune system, blood borne disease
-most prevalent in Southern Africa -2.7 million infections and 2 million deaths/year -1 in 3 infected in Botswana, 1 in 5 in South Africa |
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Malaria |
-Insect-borne common in tropical climates
-Kills 3,000 children per day (relates to malnutrition) -Fear that it could spread with global-warming |
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Ebola |
-Highly infectious through bodily fluids
-Concentrated in West and Central Africa, though fear is it will travel to other population centers |
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International Orgs. |
-WHO collects data on outbreaks, does research on cures, and publishes info, gives guidance on threats
-CDC: part of US department of Health and Human Services, set standards for most other states. works closely with WHO |
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Forecasts for global politics |
1. A borderless world
2. A world of democracies 3. Clash of civilizations 4. Chinese hegemony 5. Stronger international community 6. Rise of Global South 7. Environmental catastrophe 8. Cosmopolitan democracy |
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Borderless World |
-states still exist but their ability to regulate what crosses border is greatly diminished
-fully integrated world economy, frictionless trade, free flow of labor |
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World of Democracies |
-gone from 20% to 63% of states that are democracies
-Democratic-Peace Hypothesis predicts less conflict. |
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Clash of Civilizations |
-With the rejection of industrial-age ideologies, many non-western centuries have sought to revitalize their local cultures
-This revitalization often holds up the spread of western values as a trend that must be ferociously and violently resisted -Samuel Huntington |
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Stronger International Community |
-a larger core of nations come to a consensus of the fundamental value of international security
-states bound together by shared values |
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Rise of Global South |
new coalitions of great powers, including BRICS nations, create alternative international institutions and alternative global moral framework
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Environmental Catastrophe |
-no global authority can mandate states to reduce carbon output
-saving the planet may not be in a state's national interests |
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Cosmopolitan Democracy |
World Parliament: 600 seats with each minister representing 10 million people?
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How the power of China has risen over pastdecade |
-China has already surpassed US economy which wasn't predicted until after 2020
-even amid great recession, China retained positive growth rates -China will continue to buy US debt but this is inflating a bubble |
