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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Diabetes- 4
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IDDM
NIDDM Gestational Diabetes Diabetes Insepidus |
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IDDM Diabetes
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Insulin dependent- Pancreas no longer produces insulin. 10% and juvenile onset
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NIDDM
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Non insulin dependent- Pancreas does not produce enough insulin or body doesnt use insulin, 90% and adult onset.
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Risk factors for type 1 diabetes
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Race,family history. Aboriginal/latin american/African
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Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
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Age >45, obesity, large baby, impaired glucose tolerance(IGT)
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Symptoms type 1 diabetes
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urination,thirst,hunger,weightloss,fatigue,nausea,vomiting,sweet breath.
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Symptoms type 2 diabetes
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Same as type 1 but also,infections, slow wound healing,tingling/numbness in extremities, skin/gum/bladder infections.
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Pancreatic hormones made where?
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Islet of Langerhans
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Islet Cells
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Beta cells, A1 (D) cells, A2 (A) cells.
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What do beta cells do? What percentage of islet cells are beta?
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Secrete insulin, 50%
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What do Alpha 1(D) cells do?
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Release somatostatin.
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What do Alpha 2(A) cells do?
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Release glucagon
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What does somatostatin do?
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decreases insulin and glucagon release
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What does glucagon do?
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increase blood sugar and insulin release
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What is glucose dependent insulin release?
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A graded response, more glucose more insulin
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What does biphasic insulin release mean?
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Normal insulin released immediatly, NIDDM delayed and lower, IDDM no insulin released.
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Stimulants of insulin release
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Glucose,Amino acids(Arg,Leu), FA's(acute), Sulphonylureas
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What is a insulin secretagogue
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Stimulant of insulin release
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Inhibitors of insulin release
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Somatostatin, Sympathetic activation(A2 on beta cells), Decreased blood glucose.
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Action of insulin
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Increased uptake,utlizating and storage of glucose, aas and fats.
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Mechanism of insulin
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Insulin receptor, RTK dimerizes, autophosphorylates receptor, phosphorylate target proteins, gene expression altered.
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Actions of glucagon
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Glycogen bdown, gluconeogenesis, lypolysis-increased
gylcogen synthesis and glucose oxidation decreased. Raises blood glucose |
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Glucagon raised by, lowered by
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Raised by Arginine,low blood glucose, sympathetic/parasympathetic activation
Lowered by High glucose,somatostatin |
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Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus
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Hyperglycemia,Glycosuria, Dysfunctional protein metabolism, ketosis
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Pathologies of diabetes
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Macrovascular, Hypertension, Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy
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People with diabetes in 2010
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239 million
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Cost of diabetes in Canada
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12 billion annually
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What is congenital dysfuction of insulin release called?
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Persistant Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infance. PHHI
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What is PHHI? What causes it? What gene is it linked to? Treatment
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Excessive insulin secretion. Autosomal recessive 11p15.1 mutations on beta-cell Katp
Diazoxide,somatostatin,partial removal of pancreas |
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Link between Katp mutations and diabetes?
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Decreased Katp= More insulin secretion
Increased Katp= Less insulin secretion=Diabetes |
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What does post prandial mean?
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After eating a meal
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What is an Incretin
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Incretins are a group of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an increase in the amount of insulin released from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
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Difference between IR and Diabetes?
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Need IR and beta cell dysfunction to develope T2DM.
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Therepeutic targets of T2DM? Three
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Increase insulin secretion
Increase insulin sensitivity Lower blood glucose independent of insulin |
