Insulin And Hypoglycemic Agents

Front 1

The most important fuel for the brain is

Back 1

glucose

Front 2

Complex regulatory pathways are in place to ensure sufficient supply of this to the brain

Back 2

glucose

Front 3

Is brain glucose uptake altered in type 2 diabetes?

Back 3

NO

Front 4

This is the first hormone to be molecularly cloned and the first protein for which the complete amino acid sequence was determined

Back 4

insulin

Front 5

Insulin is released from these in response to many stimuli, including elevated concentrations of blood glucose

Back 5

pancreatic beta cells

Front 6

Two therapeutic strategies of insulin

Back 6

1. providing hormone replacement when deficient and
2. enhancing hormone action when resistance occurs

Front 7

Insulinoma

Back 7

insulin secreting tumors

Front 8

Leonard Thompson

Back 8

first child treated with insulin in 1922, the miracle cure

Front 9

Insulin DEPENDENT diabetes

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type 1

Front 10

Onset:
Glargine (Lantus)

Back 10

2-4

Front 11

Constellation of symptoms of diabetes (insulin resistance) is often associated with

Back 11

obesity, stress and immunosuppression

Front 12

when normal amounts of insulin are ineffective in lowering plasma glucose concentrations

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hyperinsulinemia

Front 13

this syndrome increases risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease

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metabolic syndrome

Front 14

Insulin is synthesized and secreted from pancreatic beta cells in the

Back 14

islets of langerhans

Front 15

4 cell types of islet of langerhans

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1. alpha (glucagon)
2. beta (insulin)
3. gamma (somatostatin)
4. F (pancreatic polypeptide)

Front 16

24 amino acid N-terminal signal peptide cleaved during transport through rough ER to yield

Back 16

pro-insulin

Front 17

after pro-insulin in formed, protein folding, disulfide bond formation and further cleavage yield

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insulin

Front 18

alpha chains of insulin have how many amino acids

Back 18

21

Front 19

beta chains of insulin have how many amino acids

Back 19

30

Front 20

insulin in a member of a family of related peptides called

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IGFs

Front 21

These, which have two subtypes (1 & 2), are produced in many cells and mediate effects of GH

Back 21

IGFs

Front 22

Insulin can bind to these receptors with low affinity

Back 22

IGFs

Front 23

Secretion of this is BI-PHASIC

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insulin

Front 24

Insulin secretion is stimulated when these cells sense high glucose concentration and are electrically excitable

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beta cells

Front 25

Other stimulatory factors or these cells besides glucose include: dietary AAs, ACh, GI hormones released, fatty acids and GIP

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beta cells

Front 26

Glucose is taken up by pancreatic beta cells via

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GLUT2, glucose transporter

Front 27

Glucose is phosphorylated by ________, the glucose "sensor"

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glucokinase

Front 28

Glucose is further metabolized via mitochondrial respiration to produce

Back 28

ATP

Front 29

Increase in ___ causes a block of K channels, therefore the membrane __________, causing an influx in __, leading to insulin secretion

Back 29

ATP, depolarization, Ca+

Front 30

Glucose taken by this route of administration is a greater stimulus for insulin secretion due to stimulatory effects of GI hormones

Back 30

orally