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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What Are 3 Possible Situations That Require A Pilot To Possess An Instument Rating?
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1. IFR Flight Plan
2. Weather Conditions Less Than VFR 3. Flight In Class A Airspace |
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What Are The Recency Requirements For PIC (IFR/VFR):
1. With Passengers? 2. With Passengers @ Night? |
1. For Passengers:
- PIC Must Have 3 Takeoffs & 3 Landings Within The Past 90 Days 2. For Passengers @ Night: - PIC Must Have 3 Takeoffs & 3 landings "To A Full Stop" Within The Past 90 days |
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What Are The Currency Requirements To Be PIC In IFR?
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1. Biennial Flight Review
2. PIC Has 6 Mths: To Complete 6 Instument Approaches, Including: - Tracking & Intercepting Radials - & Holds |
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What Are The Currency Requirements To Be PIC In IFR, If w/i First 6 Mths, PIC Does Not Meet Currency Requirements?
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NOTE:
Pilot Is NOT CURRENT And CANNOT Be PIC In IFR BUT, Pilot Has Grace Period Of 6 Mths: To Complete 6 Instument Approaches, Including: - Tracking & Intercepting Radials - & Holds NOTE: Pilot Must Use A Safety Pilot. Safety Pilot Must Be: 1. VMC (Simulated) - @Least A Private Pilot 2. IMC - A Current, Instrument Rated Pilot - Same Category & Class Aircraft |
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What Are The Currency Requirements To Be PIC In IFR, If w/i Grace Period (2nd) 6 Mths, PIC Does Not Meet Currency Requirements?
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NOTE:
Pilot Is Still NOT CURRENT And CANNOT Be PIC In IFR Pilot Must Complete An: - INSTUMENT PROFICINCY EXAM (Like A Mini-Checkride) Must Be Administered By A: 1. CFII (Easiest) 2. Company Check Pilot 3. FAA Examiner |
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3 Fundementals Of The Missed Approach Procedure:
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1. Aviate
- Fly The Aircaft 2. Navigate - Where To Next 3. Communicate - Tell Tower You Are "Going Missed" |
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Procedure To Recover From Unusual Attitude:
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1. Bank
2. Pitch 3. Power |
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3 Fundementals Of Instument Flight:
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1. Instrument Scan (Cross Check)
2. Instrument Interpretation 3. Aircaft Control |
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4 Elements Of An ILS (Instument Landing System) Approach:
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G.L.A.M:
G - Glide Slope L - Localizer A - Approach Lights M - Marker Beacons |
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3 Catagories Of Aircraft & Each Catagories HAT (Hight Above Threshold) For An ILS:
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1. Catagory 1 - HAT: 200'
2. Catagory 2 - HAT: 100' 3. Catagory 3 - HAT: Wheels Down |
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2 Control Instruments:
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1. AI (Attitude Indicator)
2. MAP (Manifold Pressure Guage) |
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5 Performance Guages:
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1. VSI (Vertical Speed IND)
2. ASI (Airspeed IND) 3. ALT (Altimeter) 4. TC (Turn Coordinator) 5. HI or HSI (Heading IND or Horizontal Situational IND) |
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-91.175-
10 Things That You Can See To Land: |
1. Approach Lights
- Allows You To Descend Another 100' 2. Threshold 3. Threshold LTS 4. Threshold MRKS 5. VASI 6. REIL 7. TDLZ LTS 8. TDLS MRKS 9. Runway LTS 10. Runway MRKS Note: Only 1 Required |
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Contact Approach
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- IFR Flight Plan
- *Must Be Requested -> Cannot Be Assigned - VFR Conditions -> Visiblility: 1 SM -> Clear Of Clouds |
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Visual Approach
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- IFR Flight Plan
- *May Be Assigned Or Requested - MEA To Landing Must Be In VFR Conditions |
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What 6 Things Can Constitute A Missed Approach Point?
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1. Altitude (DH Or MDA)
2. DME Distance 3. Time 4. VOR Or NDB 5. GPS Way Point 6. Intersection Of 2 Radials |
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What Charts Would You Take On An IFR Flight?
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1. Low En-Route Alt. Chart
2. Sectional 3. Destination Terminal Chart 4. TRPS |
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What Do These Symbols On Approach Plates Mean:
1. A 2. A na 3. T |
1. Non-Standard Alternate Minimums
2. Airport Not Availible For Alternate Use 3. Takeoff Minimums Apply |
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Where Is The Inop Component Page?
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Front Cover Of The TRPS Chart
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What Catagory Is A Helicopter And Where Do You Find This Information?
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- Catagory A
- Chapter Ten Of FAR/AIM |
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What Can We Do To Approach Plate Minimum Visibility?
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We Can Reduce The Visibility By OneHalf, but NO less than OneQuarter
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What Are The Components Of An ILS (Instument Landing System)?
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G.L.A.M.
G - Glide Slope L - Localizer (Azimuthe) A - Approach Lights M - Marker Beacons |
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Define A VFR-On-Top Clearence
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- Still An IFR Flight Plan
- *Must Be Requested By The Pilot - Must Maintain Proper Cloud Clearence For Appropriate Airspace - Must Use VFR WEEO -> West-Even, East-Odd +500' |
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If You Are On A VFR Flight Plan And Encounter IFR Weather Conditions...
1. What Requirements Must Be Met: - By Pilot - By Ship 2. What Actions Must You Take To Continue Into IFR WX? |
1. - Pilot Must Be A Current, IFR Rated Pilot
- Must Be In An IFR Rated Ship 2. Pilot Must Airfile NOTE: Airfile Through FSS |
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What Are The WX Requirements For FILING In Regards To An Alternate Airport?
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1. No Alternate Airport Req:
@ETA + 1 Hour - Visiblitly: Must Be @Least 2 SM - Ceilings: Must Be @Least 1000' Above Airport Elevation Or Must Be @Least 400' Above Lowest Applicable Approach Minimum - *Whichever Is Higher 2. Alternate Airport: @ETA ONLY - Visiblitly: Must Be @Least 1 SM - Ceilings: Must Be @Least 200' Above Lowest Applicable Approach Minimum NOTE: IN FLIGHT - Use The TRPS Minimums - You Can Reduce The Visibility By OneHalf But, NO Less Than OneQuarter |
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What Is The Minimum Fuel Requirements For IFR Flight?
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Must Be Able To Fly To Your Destionation Airport, Then To Your Alternate Airport + 30 Minutes @ Normal Cruise Power
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What Is The Minimum Equipment Required For An IFR FLight?
See Answers For 27 - 30 |
- Any Equipment Nessessary To Complete The Flight
IE: HSI for ILS, VOR for VOR, GPS for GPS, ETC... |
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-91.205-
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M.A.T.S.F.O.O.L.M.A.T.S.
M - Magnetic Compass A - Altimeter T - Tachs S - Seat Belts F - Fuel Guages O - Oil Pressure Guage O - Oil Temperature Guage L - Landing Gear Position LT M - Manifold Pressure Guage A - Airspeed IND T - Temperature Guage For Each Liquid Cooled Engine S - Shoulder Restraints |
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3 G's/ICARA
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3 Gyros:
1. AI (Attitude Indicator) 2. TC (Turn Coordinator) 3. HI or HSI (Heading Indcator Or Horizontal Situational Indicator) I.C.A.R.A. I - Inclometer Ball C - Clock (w/ Sec. Hand) A - Altimeter (w/ Kohlsman Window Or Sensitive To Barometric Pressure) R - Radios (Comm & Nav) A - Alternator |
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1. Far/Aim Requirements For Night?
2. POH Requirements For Night? |
1. F.L.A.P.E.
F - Fuses (Spare) L - Landing Light A - Anti-Collision Strobe P - Position Lights E - Electronic Power 2. G.O.A.L.H. G - Governor O - Outside Air Temp. Guage A - Alternator L - Low Rotor RPM H&L H - Hydrolics |
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Where Can A Pilot Find The Most Current Airport Information?
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1. FAA Website
- Current Notams Available 2. Duats - A Standard Briefing Provides A Pilot With Most Current Airport Information, Including All Notams 3. FSS (Flight Service Station) - Must Request FDC & GPS Notams 4. AFD (Airport Facility Directory) |
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What Are Notams & The Different Types Of Notams?
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Notams Is Pertinent Airport Information That Has Not Had Time To Be Put In Publication
1. Local - Does Not Effect Pilots Flying Into That Airport - IE: Birds In The Vicinity Of The Airport, Cranes In The Vicinity Of The Airport, ETC... 2. Distant - Does Effect Pilots Flying Into That Airport - IE: Runway Closures, Localizer Is Out, ETC... 3. FDC - IE: Temporary Flight Restriction |
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What Are The 4 Purposes Of Holds, What Are The Types, How Do you Enter Them?
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- Delay Of Action
- Sequencing - Missed Approach - Course Reversal/Procedure Turn 1. Direct - Fix - Turn - Entered 2. Teardrop - Fix - Turn +- 30Degrees For 1 Min. - Fix - Entered 3. Parallel - Fix - Outbound Leg For 1 Min. - Turn 180Degrees + 45Degrees - Fix - Entered |
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Define Airmets, What Information Do They Give?
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- WX Hazardous To Small Aircraft
1. Sierra - IFR Information - Mountain Obscurity 2. Tengo - Turbulence - Clear Air Turbulence 3. Zulu - Freezing Levels - Icing Conditions |
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Define Sigments, Give 4 Examples?
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- WX Hazardous To All Aircraft
- Not Related To TS (Non-Convective) - IE: 1. Volcanic Ash 2. Dust Storms 3. Severe Icing 4. Extreme Turbulence NOTE: All Sigments & Convective Sigments Are Labled Alphabetically, Excluding: Sierra, Tengo & Zulu. IE: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, ETC... |
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Define Convective Sigments, Give 6 Examples?
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- WX Hazardous To ALL Aircraft
- Severe TS Related WX - IE: 1. SFC WNDS < 50 KTS 2. Hail < 3/4" 3. Tornados 4. Embedded TS 5. Line Of TS 6. Precipitation Over 40% Of 3000 Sq. Mile Area NOTE: All Sigments & Convective Sigments Are Labled Alphabetically, Excluding: Sierra, Tengo & Zulu. IE: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, ETC... |
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How Often Does The VOR Have To Be Checked, What Are The 5 Types Of VOR Checks, Describe Each One?
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- Every 30 Days
1. VOT - Ground Station Check - +- 4 Error - 360Degrees In All Directions - Tune 360 - Extra Signature Required 2. Ground Station Check - +- 4 Error - Certain Spot On The Airport - Tune In A Certain Radial 3. Duel VORs Check - +- 4 Error From Each Other - Tune Both VORs To The Same Radial 4. Air Check - +- 6 Error - Fly Over A Certain Spot Over The Airport - Tune In A Certain Radial 5. Airway Check - +- 6 Error - Unofficial Check - Tune & Track A Radial NOTE: S.P.E.D S - Signature P - Place E - Error D - Date (Extra Signature Required For VOT Check) |
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Describe DME-Slant Range Distance, Draw Diagram?
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- DME Works On Slant Range Distance
- A Signal Is Sent From The Helicopter To The Ground Station - It Is Held At The Ground Station For A Certain Amount Of Time (50 Micro Seconds), Then Sent Back To The Helicopter - The Signal Time Is Then Calculated Into Distance - Horizontal Distance Is Shorter Than Slant Distance Because Slant Distance Takes Into Account Horizontal Distance Plus Vertical Distance Above The Ground - 1 NM For Every 1000' Of Altitude NOTE: - When The Helicopter Is Directly Over The Ground Station The DME Readout Will Still Display Altitude Above The Ground - IE: Directly Over The Ground Station @ 1000' The DME Readout = 1000' |
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What Is Included In An Abbreviated Clearance?
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- Destination Airport Or Clearance Limit
- Route Of Flight IE: Banyo Departure, Fly As Filed, ETC... - Altitude If Pertinent IE: Cleared To Casa Grande, Fly Banyo Departure IE: Cleared To Casa Grande, Fly As Filed, Amend Departure Altitude From 5000' To 4000' |
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Describe A TEC Route?
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- Tower En-Route Control Route
- Predisposed IFR Route - Between Adjacent Controlling Bodies - Developed To Reduce The Call Time & Volume For Very Frequently Traveled Routes - Found In The AFD - Only In Currently In California |
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What Do Designated Mountainous & Non Mountainous Areas Provide? Where Are They Found?
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- Provide 2000' Clearance For Mountainous Areas
- Provide 1000' Clearance For Non Mountainous Areas - Found In 5-6-5 Of The AIM |
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Explain Actions For Failed Instruments In Flight?
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- Check The Breaker
- If Instrument Remains Failed -> Contact ATC & Tell Them: 1. What Has Failed 2. How It Will Effect Your Flight 3. What They Can Do To Help IE: HSI Failed -> |
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Explain Magnetic Compass Errors?
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- The Dirty Bitch Of Aviation
V.D.M.O.N.A V - Variation D - Deviation M - Magnetic Dip O - Oscillation N - Northerly Turning Errors A - Acceleration Errors V - The Difference Between Magnetic North And True North (-12 In AZ) D - Caused By Electronic Interference And Other Metal Parts Inside The Helicopter M - In The Northern Hemisphere The North End Of The Compass Pointer Dips Down, So A Weight Is Placed On The Back Of South End To Balance It Out O - Caused By All Movement & Shaking Inside The Helicopter N - U.N.O.S. -> Undershoot North -> 10-15-25-15-10 -> Overshoot South -> 05-10-15-10-05 A - A.N.D.S -> Accelerate North -> Decelerate South -> Not In Helicopters - Too Slow |
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What Can Be Used To Identify A Missed Approach Point?
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1. Altitude
2. DME Distance 3. Time 4. VOR Or NDB (TO/FRM Flag Flip) 5. GPS Waypoint 6. Intersection Of 2 Radials |
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Define ETE?
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ETE:
- Estimated Time In Route - From Takeoff To The 1st Point Of Intended Landing |
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How Often In The ATIS Updated?
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ATIS:
- Automated Terminal Information Service - Updated Every Hour Or - Upon Receipt Of Official WX |
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What Minimums Are Used To In Flight For A Pilot Proceeding To An Alternate?
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- Use Minimums On The Approach Plate For That Particular Airport
- Visibility Can Be Reduce By 1/2 But No Less Than 1/4 |
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What Is The HSI/HI? How Does The HSI/HI Work? What Are The Parts, Where Are The Parts Located, What Do They Do?
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1. Horizontal Situational Indicator Or Heading Indicator
- Remote Indicating Compass 2. HSI/HI - Relies On The Concept Of Ridgitiy In Space -> An Spinning Object Will Stay Ridgid Unless An Outside Force Acts Upon It -> Bicycle Wheel Concept 3. Remote Gyro - Located Under The Left Seat 4. Flux Valve - Located Under The Right Seat - Realigns The Compass With Magnetic North NOTE: The HSI/HI Processes 3Degrees Every 12 Minutes = 15Degrees Every Hour, Thus The Need For The Flux Valve To Realign |
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What Should Be Done In The Event Of A Hydrolics Failure?
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- The Pilot Should Switch To The Localizer Approach
- Because The Glide Slope Will Not Be Able To Be Maintained NOTE: In The Event Of A Full Scale Deflection The Approach Must Be Abandoned |
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Describe The Marker Beacons?
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1. OM (Outer Marker)
- Blue Light - Morse Code ID: ---- - 4 To 7 Miles FRM Threshold - FAF For Most Aircraft 2. MM (Middle Marker) - Amber Light - Morse Code ID: -.-. - .6 Miles FRM Threshold - MAP For Most Cat. 1 Aircraft 3. IM (Inner Marker) - White Light - Morse Code ID: .... - B/T MM & Threshold - MAP For Most Cat. 2 Aircraft 4. BCM (Back Course Marker) - White Light - Morse Code ID: .... - FAF For Back Course |
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Describe The Shamboozal?
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- If You Are On An IFR Flight Plan And You Want To Land At An Airport That Does Not Have An IAP:
- You Must Proceed From Your MEA On Approach To Airport That Has An IAP - Once You Are Thru The IFR WX - Cancel The Approach - Continue To The Airport With NO IAP In VFR |
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When Do Helicopters Use Circle To Land Minimums?
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- Helicopters Do Not Use Circle To Land Minimums
- Unless They Are The Only Minimums Available NOTE: - Instead Helicopters Attempt To Use The BEST Straight In Approach Available |
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What Is A Point-In-Space Approach? Describe?
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- An Approach That Does Not Meet The FAA Design Criteria For An IAP
- Usually To The Top Of A Large Office Building, In An Urban Area 1. If The Distance From The MAP To The TDLZ Is Greater Than 10,500': - The Entire Approach, From MEA To TDLZ, Must Be In VFR Conditions 2. If The Distance From The MAP To The TDLZ Is Less Than 10,500': - On The Approach, From MEA To TDLZ, The TDLZ Must Be IN SIGHT Throughout The Entire Descent |
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What Are The Takeoff Minimums?
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- Helicopters Do Use Takeoff Minimums
NOTE: A Good Rule-Of-Thumb: - You Should Be Able To Land Where You Takeoff From - IE: You Should Have Suitable Ceilings & Visibility When You Takeoff Should You Encounter A Problem And Need To Return |
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Explain The Lost Comm Procedure?
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1. Verification
- Recycle Radio - Check Volume - Check Last Frequency Used - Contact Reliable Frequencies -> EFAS: 122.0 (5000'- 7500') -> Local FSS -> Emergency: 121.5 - Try To Relay Thru Another Aircraft 2. Squak 7600 On Transponder 3. If VFR: - Stay In VFR - Land As Soon As Practical - Expect Light Gun Signals 4. If IFR: - Route - A.V.E.F. A - Assigned V - Vectored E - Expected F - Filed - ALT - M.E.A. M - MEA E - Expected A - Assigned * - WHICHEVER IS HIGHER - Clearance Limit - - Cleared To An Airport Or Fix On Your Route - Can Not Pass That Point Without Further Clearance - If Your CL Is: 1. Point Where Approach Begins: A) With EFC Time: - Leave @ The EFC Time - To Arrive @ ETA B) With NO EFC Time: - Leave @ ETA 2. Not A Point Where Approach Begins A) With EFC Time: - Leave @ EFC B) With NO EFC Time: - Leave CL To Arrive @ IAF @ ETA |
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What Does "Cleared For The Approach" mean?
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- Pilot Is Cleared To Join Up With The Final Approach Course
- Start Descent Once Established NOTE: Not A Clearance To Land |
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What Are The Different Ways To Get Enroute Weather?
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1. Hiwas/Tweb
- Continuous WX Broadcast Over Listed VOR Frequencies 2. Flight Watch - (EFAS) - Enroute Flight Advisory Service - 122.0 WX Dedicated Nationwide FSS Frequency 3. Flight Services - (FSS) - Local Flight Service Stations - WX, Notams, Briefings, Etc.. 4. ATIS - Automated Terminal Info. Service 5. AWOS - Automated Weather Observation System 6. ASOS - Automated Surface Observation System 7. The Tower 8. ARTCC - Air Route Traffic Control Center |
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Karin:
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- Loves Mitchell!!!
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Define & Explain:
1. SIDs 2. DPs |
1. SIDs
- Standard Instrument Departures 2. DPs - Departure Procedures - Both SIDs & DPs - - Provide Standard Route From Terminal to Enroute Phase Of Flight - Makes It Faster & Easier For Controllers To Issue Clearances NOTE: To Accept A DP, Pilot Must Have At Least A Textual Description In The Cockpit NOTE: NoDP In Remarks Section - Separate Departing & Arriving Traffic - Provide Efficient Interception Of Outbound Course - Avoid Noise-Sensitive Areas - Simplify Clearance - Reduce Radio Talk |
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Define & Explain:
1. STARs |
STARs
- Standard Terminal Arrival Routes - To Simplify Clearance Delivery From Enroute Phase To A Fix Or Waypt. Inside Terminal Area NOTE: To Accept A STAR, Pilot Must Have At Least A Textual Description In The Cockpit NOTE: NoSTAR In Remarks Section - Separate Departing & Arriving Traffic - Avoid Noise-Sensitive Areas - Simplify Clearance - Reduce Radio Talk |
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How Often Do These Morse Code Ids Repeat?
1. LOC 2. VOR 3. DME |
1. LOC
- Continuously 2. VOR - Every 30 Seconds 3. DME - Every Minute |
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What Is The "Glide Slope"?
What Is "False Glide Slope"? |
Glide Slope:
- Vertical Guidance uses 2 Frequencies That Extend Outward & Upward From A "Glide Slope" Antenna - Mounted Approximately Even With The Threshold - These Frequencies Form 2 Lobes, One On Top Of The Other - Staying Directly Between These 2 Lobes Will Make For A Smooth, Controllable Descent To The Runway - This Smooth Slope Is Referred To As The "Glide Slope" - Usually About A 3Degree Down Grade False Glide Slope - Occurs Because Of A 3rd "Mirrored" Lobe Over The Other 2 Lobes - This False Glide Slope Will Show The Same As The Normal Glide Slope On The Cockpit Instrument - But, Will Be At A 12.5Degree Down Grade NOTE: To Avoid False Glide Slope - Always Intercept The Glide Slope From Beneath NOTE: - False Glide Slope Will Have Extremely High Rate Of Descent For Normal Ground Speed IE: - Normal - 3Degree = 90KTS @ 478FPM - False - 12.5Degree = 90KTS @ 1900FPM - There Is |
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Explain "Cruise Clearance"?
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Cleared To Cruise:
- Means A Pilot Is Cleared To Cruise Between The MEA & The Clearance Height - Pilot Must Maintain Appropriate IFR WEEO IE: Cleared To Cruise West Bound 10000' MEA = 5000' - Means Pilot Can Cruise At Altitude 6000', 8000' or 10000' - At The Pilots Discretion NOTE: You May Alter Your Altitude Within These Parameters - WITHOUT advising ATC |
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What Instruments Are Required For IFR Flight?
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FAR: 91.205 - Day
M.A.T.S.F.O.O.L.M.A.T.S. M - Mag. Compass A - Altimeter T - Tachs S - Seat Belts F - Fuel Gauges O - Oil Pressure Gauge O - Oil Temp Gauge L - Landing Gear Pos. Lt. M - Manifold Pressure Gauge A - Airspeed IND. T - Temp Of Each Liq Cool Eng S - Shoulder Restraints FAR: 91.205 - Night F.L.A.P.E. F - Fuses (Extra) L - Landing Lt. A - Anti-Collision Lt. P - Pos. Lts. E - Electical Source Of PWR - (Alternator) I - Instument Lts. POH - Day G.O.A.L.H. G - Governor O - Outside Air Temp. Gauge A - Alternator L - Low H/L Warning Sys. H - Hydraulics POH - Night GOALH & All Lights & Adequate Celestial Lighting FAR 91.205 - Instrument G.G.G.I.C.A.R.A. G - AI G - TC G - HSI/HI I - Inclometer Ball C - Clock (w/ Sec.) A - Altimeter - Sensitive To BaroPressure R - Radios (Comm & Nav) A - Alternator |
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What Actions Could Be Taken If You Inadvertently Entered IMC Conditions?
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1. 180Degree Turn Out @ 3Degrees Per Second
2. Descend To VMC 3. Airfile With Flight Services, IF: - Current IFR Rated Pilot - IFR Rated Ship - Proper Info On Board - IE: TRPS Charts, Low Enroute Alt. Charts, Current WX Info, etc... |
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How Does The Altimeter Work?
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Altimeter:
- Contains A Sealed, Expandable Aneroid Capsule With A Set Pressure - Atmospheric Pressure Enters & Exits The Case Through A Static Port - As The Aircraft Climbs The Static Pressure Decreases & The Capsule Expands - Showing An Increase In Altitude - Vice-Versa In A Descent NOTE: - If The Static Line Becomes Blocked The Pressure Inside The Case Remains Constant - Allowing No Inflation Or Deflation Of The Capsule THUS: - The Altimeter Will FREEZE At The Point Of Static Blockage SOLUTION: 1. Switch To Alt. Static Source 2. Break Glass Of VSI For Alt. Static Source. NOTE: Using Static Pressure From Inside The Cockpit Is Normally Less Then External Static Pressure CAUSING: - ALT & ASI To Read Slightly High - The VSI To Work In REVERSE (Climb=Down & Descent=UP) |
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How Does The Vertical Speed Indicator Work?
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VSI:
- Static Pressure Is Fed Directly Into The Expandable Capsule Thru A Static Line - Static Pressure Also Surrounds The Outside Of The Capsule Inside The VSI Case Thru A Metered Leak - As The Aircraft Climbs The Static Pressure Inside The Capsule Decreases - Static Pressure In The Case Remains Constant For A Small Time - The Capsule Collapses - Showing A Climb - Vise-Versa For A Descent NOTE: After The Aircraft Levels Off The Pressure Inside The Case & Inside The Capsule Will Gradually Equalize & The Instrument Will Read Zero - Because Of The Metered Leak NOTE: The VSI Is considered A Trend Instrument B/C The Reaction Is NOT Instantaneous. NOTE: - If The Static Line Becomes Blocked No New Static Pressure Is Being Introduced To The Capsule Or Case - The Pressure Inside The Capsule & Pressure Inside The Case Will Equalize B/C Of The Metered Leak THUS: - Even In A Climb Or Descent - The VSI Will Read ZERO SOLUTION: 1. Switch To Alt. Static Source 2. Break Glass Of VSI For Alt. Static Source. NOTE: Using Static Pressure From Inside The Cockpit Is Normally Less Then External Static Pressure CAUSING: - ALT & ASI To Read Slightly High - The VSI To Work In REVERSE (Climb=Down & Descent=UP) |
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How Does The Airspeed Indicator Work?
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ASI:
NOTE: ONLY Instrument The Uses Pitot & Static System - The ASI Measures Dynamic Pressure Dynamic Pressure Is The Difference B/T: 1.The Ram Air Pressure (Total Pressure) - Coming In Thru The Pitot Tube & Directly Into The The Expandable Diaphram And 2. The Static Pressure - Inside The Case (Fed Thru The Static Line Or Static Vent) As Speed Increases: - The Ram Air Pressure (Total Pressure) Increases - While Static Pressure Stays Constant - The Difference Is Measured And Relayed As Increased Airspeed As Airspeed Decreases: - The Ram Air Pressure (Total Pressure) Decreases - While Static Pressure Stays Constant - The Difference Is Measured And Relayed As Decreased Airspeed NOTE: Dynamic Pressure = The Difference B/T Total Pressure (Ram Air) & Static Pressure NOTE: - If The Pitot Tube Becomes Blocked The ASI Acts Like An Altimeter - It Only Registers Static Pressure Changes - IE: We Go Up, ASI Goes Up - IE: We Go DWN, ASI Goes DWN NOTE: - If The Static Tube Becomes Blocked The Static Pressure Inside The Case Will Remain Constant For The Altitude The Block Occurred - If We Are ABOVE The Altitude Where The Blockage Occurred The ASI Will UNDERREAD - If We Are BELOW The Altitude Where The Blockage Occurred The ASI will OVERREAD - Above = Underread - Below = Overread |
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What Should A Non-IFR Rated Pilot or IFR Rated Pilot In A Non-IFR Rated Ship Do If The Pilot Encounters IMC Conditions.
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The Pilot Should Perform A 180Degree 3Degrees Per Second Turn Out.
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What Checks Are To Be Performed Prior To Reaching The Initial Approach Fix, Explain Each?
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W.R.I.M.T.I.M
W - Weather R - Radios I - Instruments M - Minimums T - Time I - Ident M - Missed Approach Weather: - Get Current - - Wind - Visibility - Ceilings - Altimeter - Runway - Approach Radios: 1. Comms: - Approach Control Freq. - Tower Freq. 2. Nav: - LOC Freq. - VOR Freq. 3. Markers - Light - Audio 4. GPS - Load Airport - Load/Activate Approach - Select: VLOC Or GPS Instuments: - All Instruments Operational - HSI & Mag Compass Aligned - Altimeter Set Minimums: - Review - - Approach Procedure - Minimums (MDA Or DH) Time: - Time From FAF To MAP - @ Approach Ground Speed Ident: - VOR - LOC Missed: - Missed Approach Point - - DH, MDA, TIME, DME, VOR(2/FRM), Or GPS WYPT. - Review Missed Approach Procedure |
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What Checks Are Performed At The FAF (All Fixes For UHI)?
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5T's (7T's @ Night)
Time: - Start The Time Turn: - Turn The Helicopter - Turn The OBS Knob Twist: - Twist The Heading Bug Throttle: - Throttle Down To Descend To Next Step Down Altitude Or - Throttle Check To Make Sure Speed & Altitude Are Constant & Correct Talk: - Report If Needed - Night - 1. Turn On Landing Light 2. Turn On Approach Lighting |
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Why Do We Start The Clock At The FAF?
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- In The Event Of An Instrument Failure
- We Know How Long It Should Take Us To Get From FAF To MAP |
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What Airspeed Is A "Copter" Final Approach Segment & Missed Approach Segment Flown?
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Copter FAS & MAS:
- Airspeed 70KTS |
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Fuel Burn Rate In The R44?
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- 16 Gallons Per Hour
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Fuel Endurance In R44:
1. Without IFR Reserves? 2. With IFR Reserves? |
R44 Fuel Burn:
- 16 Gallons/Hr R44 Fuel Capacity: - 48.9 Gallons 1. Total Flight Time - 3Hours 3Minutes 23Seconds 2. With IFR Reserves - 2Hours 33Minutes 23Seconds |
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What Kind Of Anti-Icing Equipment Is On An R22/R44?
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Carb Heat
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What Are Icing Conditions?
Can You Fly Into Them? Where Would You First See Icing Appear? |
- 91.527 -
1. Icing Conditions: - Anytime The Aircraft Is In At Or Below Freezing (0Degrees Or Less) Temperatures - Or The Surfaces Of The Aircraft Are At Or Below Freezing Temperatures NOTE: - Any Visible Moisture (Clouds) At These Temperatures Will Cause Icing 2. You Can Only Fly Into These Conditions If The Aircraft Carries Anti-Icing Equipment AND Is Certified To Do So 3. Icing Would First Become Apparent On Small Exposed Metal Parts Of The Helicopter, IE: Skids, Door Handles, ETC... NOTE: A Easily Visible Place To Check For Ice Formation Is Where The Window Glass Meets The Small Metal Strip That Divides The The 2 Window Halves |
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2 Types Of Ice?
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1. Induction
- Ice That Forms Over The Manifold Induction Port - Helicopters Usually Don't Experience This B/C Our Induction Port Is Quite Larger Then Most Planes 2. Structural - Forms On The Surfaces Of The Aircraft - 3 Types Of Structural Ice |
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3 Or 4 Types Of Structural Ice?
Characteristics Of Each? |
1. Rime Ice
- Small Water Droplets - Contact Surfaces And Freeze Immediately - Water Droplets Trap Air Inside Them, Giving The Ice It's Opaque Color - Causes Changes In Aerodynamic Properties 2. Clear Ice (Worst Kind) - Large Supercooled Water Droplets - Contacts Surfaces Freeze As They Roll Back - Causes Ice Freeze In Sheets - Ice Then Breaks Off In Sheets - Causing Surfaces To Be Largely Unbalanced - Which Leads To DESTRUCTIVE Vibrations 3. Mix - Rime & Clear 4. Frost |
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Describe RAIM On The GPS?
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RAIM:
- Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring - Satellite Fault Detection - Requires A Total Of 5 Satellites For RAIM -> 4 For Navigation -> 1 For Integrity Monitoring RAIM Alerts: 1. Yellow - Alert - You Have 5 More Minutes Of Accurate GPS Coverage - If At FAWP Or Passed -> Pilot May Complete The Approach - If Prior To FAWP -> Pilot Must Abandon Approach -> Proceed To MAWP -> Contact ATC Immediately 2. Red - Warning - Immediate Loss Of Accurate GPS Coverage -> Revert To Alternate Navigational Means Immediately |
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Short Description Of GPS?
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- 24 Orbiting Satellites
-> Allow A Minimum Of 5 Satellites, At All Times, To Be Observable To The User, From Any Place On Earth - 4 Satellites Required For Navigation -> 3 To Triangulate Position -> 1 To Observe Altitude - 3 Geostationary Satellites -> Used To Monitor The Other 24 Orbiting Satellites |
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Describe Airworthiness Directives?
Describe Service Bulletins? |
1. ADs
- A Directive That Specifies An Equipment Change Or Upgrade - Issued By The FAA - Mandatory - Usually Gives A Time Limit To Comply Before Aircraft Becomes NOT Airworthy 2. SBs - A Bulletin That Specifies An Equipment Change Or Upgrade - Issued By The Factory - Mandatory By Robbinson - Usually Gives A Time Limit To Comply Before Aircraft Becomes NOT Airworthy |
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Additional Inspections Required Beyond VFR For IFR Flight?
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1. T.A.P.24
T - Transponder A - Altimeter P - Pitot/Static System -> Checked Every 24 Months 2. VOR -> Checked Every 30 Days 3. GPS Database Must Be Current |
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What Extra Equipment Is Needed For A Ship To Be FAA Approved - IFR Ship?
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- Helicopter Ops: AIM 10-1-1 -
1. Autopilot 2. Anti-Icing Equipment 3. Upgraded Avionics |
