Instrumentation

Front 1

Increase wavelength-frequency

Back 1

Decrease frequency

Hint 1

Frequency

Front 2

Increase period-frequency

Back 2

Increase frequency

Hint 2

Frequency

Front 3

Increase energy - wavelength

Back 3

Decrease

Front 4

Increase frequency - energy

Back 4

Increase

Front 5

Highest point

Back 5

Crest or peak

Front 6

Lowest point

Back 6

Trough

Front 7

1nm - A

Back 7

10 A

Front 8

1nm-mu

Back 8

1

Front 9

1A-mu

Back 9

10

Front 10

Number of waves that pass an observation point in a unit time

Back 10

Frequency

Front 11

Distance between 2 adjacent point and trough

Back 11

Amplitude

Front 12

Wavelength and frequency perceived as

Back 12

Color or hue

Front 13

Height or amplitude perceived as

Back 13

Intensity or brightness

Front 14

Visible spectra

Back 14

340-700

Front 15

Provides electromagnetic radiation

Back 15

Light source

Front 16

ideal for emission of light within the visible region (iodide prolongs stability of Tungsten); produces energy wavelength from 340-700nm (visible region); used for moderately diluted solution

Back 16

Tungsten/tungsten-iodine lamp

Front 17

Can emit UV light

Back 17

Mercury vapor lamp

Front 18

Emit wavelength bdown to 165nm

Back 18

Deuterium Discharge Lamp

Front 19

Emit above 800nm

Back 19

Infrared energy source

Front 20

contains small amt of halogen such as iodine to prevent the decomposition of vaporized specimen

Back 20

Quart halide lamp

Front 21

consists of a gas-tight chamber containing anode, a cylindrical cathode and insert gas such as helium

Back 21

Hollow cathode lamp

Front 22

reduces stray light and prevents scattered light from entering the monochromator

Back 22

Entrance slit

Front 23

Isolates specific wavelength

Back 23

Monochromator

Front 24

-wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz, or sodium chloride that allows transmission of light wherein each side of the prism has different thickness allowing selection of wavelength of light -disperses white light into a continuous spectrum of colors based on variation of refractive index for different wavelength

Back 24

Prism

Front 25

has small grooves cut at such an angle that each grooves behave like a very small prism and the wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp corner -separate white light into various color comp.

Back 25

Graftings

Front 26

-enhances desired wavelength by constructive interference and eliminates others by destructive interferences -utlizes the wave cx of light to enhance the intensity of the desired wavelength by constructive interference and eliminates others by destructive interference and reflections -band pass is 10-20nm

Back 26

Interference filters

Front 27

- converts transmitted light energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

Back 27

Detector

Front 28

composed of film of light sensitive material; no power source needed

Back 28

Barrier layer cell

Front 29

has photosensitive material that gives off electron when light energy strikes it; requires an outside voltage for operation

Back 29

Photoemmision tube

Front 30

used a series of electrodes to internally amplify the photosignal before leaving the tube

Back 30

Photomultiplier tube

Front 31

measures the light emitted when electrons in an atom become excited by heat energy produced by the flame  Measures electrolytes with a 1+ charge: Na, K, Li

Back 31

FES

Front 32

Sodium filter-

Back 32

- transmits only yellow light (589 nm)

Front 33

Potassium filter

Back 33

- transmits only violet light (367 nm)

Front 34

Lithium filter-

Back 34

transmits only red light (767nm)

Front 35

measures concentration of the element by detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms  The elements are not excited but are dissociated from their chemical bonds and placed in the unionized, unexcited ground state  Measures electrolytes with a 2+ charge: Ca2+, Mg2+

Back 35

Atomic absorption spec

Front 36

: flame is more concentrated and hotter DISADV: produces large droplets in the flame; noisier

Back 36

Total consumption barrier

Front 37

- gases are mixed; sample is atomized before entering the flame ADV: greater absorption and sensitivity; less noisy; large droplets go to the waste DISADV: flame is less hot

Back 37

Premix burner

Front 38

Unknown samples are made to react with a known solution in the presence of an indicator  Sample tests: Schales & Schales method;EDTA Titration

Back 38

Volumetry or titrimetry

Front 39

it is the isolation of the pure form of the sample and its derivatives and the determination of its dry weight

Back 39

Gravimetry

Front 40

Measures the amount of light blocked by a suspension of particular matter as light passes through the cuvette  Factors affecting measurement: o Size and number of particles o Depth of the tube o Cross-sectional area of each particle

Back 40

Turbidimetry

Front 41

Measures the amount of light scattered by small particles at an angle to the beam incident on the cuvette  Factors affecting measurement same as turbidimetry

Back 41

Nephelometry

Front 42

measures multiple properties of cells suspended in a moving fluid medium 2 monochromator

Back 42

Flow cytometry

Front 43

e: involves the separation of a mixture on the basis of specific differences of the physical and chemical characteristics of the different components on a supporting medium

Back 43

Chromatography

Front 44

Same principle as paper chromatography but differs in the sorbent used SORBENT: thin plastic plates impregnated to a layer of silica gel, alumina, polyacrylamide gel or starch gel

Back 44

TLC

Front 45

eparation of substances according to their solubility in an organic/non-polar solvent and in an aqueous/polar solvent

Back 45

L-L C

Front 46

: the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it

Back 46

Ion exchange c

Front 47

adsorption of the solutes of a solution through a stationary phase and separates the mixture into individual components Basis of Separation: o difference in pH o polarity of solvent Clinical use: Fractionation of sugars

Back 47

Column C

Front 48

the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it

Back 48

Gel C

Front 49

separating and measuring nanograms and pictogram amounts of volatile substance

Back 49

Gas C

Front 50

: measures the difference in voltage at a constant current  Nerst Equation: relationship between the measured voltage and the unknown concentration

Back 50

Potentiometry

Front 51

measurement of difference in current at a constant voltage  Ilkovic Equation: relationship between the difference in current and voltage

Back 51

Polarography

Front 52

measures the current flow between two nonpolarizable electrodes between a known electrical potential is established

Back 52

Conductometry

Front 53

Principle: measures the amount of current that flows when constant voltage is applied the measuring electrode

Back 53

Amperometry

Front 54

measures the amount of electricity (coulombs) at a fixed potential 1 coloumb = 1 amper per second Faraday’s Law: number of coulombs consumed can be directly related to the concentration of the unknown

Back 54

Coulometry

Front 55

Measures the fluorescence or the energy emission that occurs when a certain compound absorbs electromagnetic radiation, become excited and then return to an energy state that is usually higher than their original level 2 monochromator

Back 55

Fluorimetry

Front 56

migration or movement of charged particles in an electric field

Back 56

Electrophoresis

Front 57

earliest support media Disadv: paper is fragile and easily damaged staining of protein

Back 57

Paper E

Front 58

good for large samp Disadv: fragile and unable to store results permanently

Back 58

Starch gel E

Front 59

- strip with a clear plastic backing w/ a coating of cellulose acetate particles attached to it Disadv: becomes brittle when dried

Back 59

Cellulose acetate E

Front 60

Disadv: electric neutrality; separation is strictly on the basis of electric charge and uniformity of material size

Back 60

Agarose E

Front 61

uses protein size as the major factor in the separation process and the net charge of proteins

Back 61

Polyacrylamide gel E

Front 62

-Sequential analysis -Uniformity in test performance

Back 62

Continous flow analyzer

Front 63

-Separate analysis -Most popular and versatile analyzer

Back 63

Discrete analyzer

Front 64

-Batch analysis -Centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber, into a cuvette, passing a light beam and measuring the absorbance

Back 64

Centrifugal analyzer