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41 Cards in this Set
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totalitarianism
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of or relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
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realism
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the view that the subject matter of politics is political power, not matters of principle
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liberalism
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favoring maximum individual liberty in political and social reform;
represents a narrowly political doctrine emphasizing the importance of limited government and/ a philosophy of life emphasizing individual autonomy, imagination, and self-development. |
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democracy
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a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
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capitalism
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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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socialism
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a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
-(in Marxist theory) a transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism. |
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marxism
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the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.
Central to Marxist theory is an explanation of social change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the economic base, which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure. Marx and Engels predicted the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by the proletariat and the eventual attainment of a classless communist society. |
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social democracy
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a socialist system of government achieved by democratic means.
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communism
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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. See also Marxism .
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monarchy
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a form of government with a monarch at the head.
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tyranny
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cruel and oppressive government or rule
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dictator
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a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained power by force.
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autocratic
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of or relating to a ruler who has absolute power
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authoritarian
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avoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, esp. that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom
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constitutional monarchy
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A government that has a monarch, but one whose powers are limited by law or by a formal constitution. Ex. UK
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constitutional republic
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A government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and which is chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace. Ex. Early US
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republic
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a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
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oligarchy
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a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
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nationalism
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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
• an extreme form of this, esp. marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. • advocacy of political independence for a particular country : Palestinian nationalism. |
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imperialism
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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force :
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fascism
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an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.
• (in general use) extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practice. The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy (1922–43), and the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and Franco in Spain were also fascist. Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach. |
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Greek city-states
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Consisted of a group of towns or a small city and were governed by a variety of types of political systems, including small oligarchies of the rich, military dictatorships, and limited democracy. Precursor to the modern state system; city-states relating to each other in similar fashion as countries do today
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Empire
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Consists of regions; ultimate power rests in the hands of the emperor or the imperial central power.
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Christendom
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People were governed by both their local lords or kings and their local bishops representing the interest of the Catholic Church in Rome. Christian doctrine underlay the concepts of rights, justice, and other political norms, and even kings were theoretically and often in practice subordinate to the pope
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Italian city-states
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Established themselves independent from papal authority, governing their own internal affairs and conducting their external affairs without interference from a higher authority. Hired mercenaries to wage wars against one another and other foreigh powers, they established a permanent diplomatic corps as a communication system, viewed war as a legitimate means to secure interest that didn't have to be justified according to religious principles.
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Peace of Westphalia
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Signed in 1648, end of the Thirty Year War, widely recognized as the dividing line between a medieval Europe dominated by small, localized political units under the comprehensive authority of the Holy Roman Empire and/or the pope and a modern Europe where states become recognized as sovereign. Marked the separation of church and state on the level of world politics.
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balance-of-power
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Implies it's dangerous for all states to allow any one state to become too powerful; serves to preserve the existing distribution of power among the great powers
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nationalism
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the identification of a people to a linguistically, ethnically, or religiously based community, in the context of the French Revolution meant that the government of France, the state, was legitimate not because of religious authority, or the family dynasty of a monarch, but because it represented the nation of the French people
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Congress of Vienna
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After the defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna gathered the great powers of the time together to end the napoleanic wars and sign agreements. They solidified the notion of state sovereignty; preserved territorial boundaries; created buffer states as small allies, return to the balance-of-power principle; monarchies restored to quell the flames of nationalism and democracy
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Concert of Europe
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19th century; no conflict in which all five major powers - Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia - were involved at the same time. Wars between the states occurred, but one or more of the major powers stayed neutral in each of these conflicts.
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Industrial Revolution
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The use of energy to drive machinery, began in Britain with the invention of the steam engine in 1769 and quickly fueled Britain's economic growth. Britain rapidly became the economic hegemon, the most powerful economy.
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Imperialism
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Refers to the domination of a population and territory by another sate, and the European imperial powers established colonies throughout the world from the 16th to the early 20th centuries.
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Triple Entente
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Britain, France and Russia aligned before World War I against Germany, which intended to build a navy that might challenge Britain's control of the seas.
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy aligned before World War I against the Triple Entente.
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national self-determination
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The right of a community that identifies itself as a nation to form a state to govern itself. This used with the values of democracy used to delegitimize empires. Wilson used it to break up Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires after WWI.
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Weimar Republic
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First government of Germany after WWI.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty to officially end the First World War. Took land from Germany w/ 7 million people; virtually disarmed; held responsible for the war; were forced to pay for the war
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Smoot-Hawley Act
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Hoover in June 1930 raised the U.S. tariff rates to their highest point in history; point to keep the exports from increasing into the U.S. during the depression and taking needed money
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Munich
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1939, Britain and France gave into Hitler's demands to take Czechoslovakia land containing it's defense line.
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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Soviet Union and Germany agreed to divide up Poland, which led the Soviet Union to side with Germany instead of Britain and France in the upcoming WWII
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Bipolar world
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Two states, after WWII, had the preponderance of power
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