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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the most common sites of joint pain?
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Elbow, wrist, hand, knee and ankle.
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What type of pain only DCS symptoms are treated as type II?
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Pain in the abdominal and thoracic areas, including the hips.
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Symptoms that may indicate spinal cord involvement?
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Pain localized to joints between the ribs and spinal column or between ribs and sternum.
A shooting-type pain that radiates from the back around the body. A vague, aching pain in the chest or abdomen. |
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Inner ear DCS is known as what?
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Staggers
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Symptoms of inner ear DCS (staggers)
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Tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
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How do you distinguish imbalance symptoms of meurological DCS to that of Staggers?
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Rapid involunatary eye movement (nystagmus) means it is not present in the cerebellar decompression sickness (neuro DCS) so it indicates that it may be inner ear barotraumas.
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Cardiopulmonary DCS is known as?
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Chokes
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What are the primary objectives of recompression treatment?
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compress gas bubble to a small volume.
Allow sufficient time for bubble absorbtion. Increase blood oxygen content to deliver oxygen to damaged tissues. |
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Maximum permissable chamber exposure times at various temperatures?
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over 104, intolerable, no treatments.
95-104, 2hr max, TT 5, 9. 85-94, 6hr, TT 5, 6, 6A, 1A, 9. Under 85, unlimited, all TT |
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What types of thermometers are allowed inside the chamber?
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Electric, bimetallic, alcohol, liquid crystal.
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What type of I.V. fluids do we use for treatments?
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Isotonic fluids: Normal Saline, Lactated ringers solution.
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When is a double lock recompression chamber mandatory for treatment?
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on a TT 4,7, and 8 because additional personnedl may have to be locked in and out during treatment.
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How should surface O2 be administered?
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Used for all cases of DCS until the diver ca be recompressed. Use high flow (15 liters/min)
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When can a patient sleep and eat during a treatment?
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The patient can sleep anytime except when breathing O2 at depths greater than 30 feet. while the patient sleeps pulse, respiration, and blood pressure should be monitored. Food may be taken at any time.
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When can a patient drink during a treatment?
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Anytime
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What type of clothing may be worn in the chamber?
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100% cotton, or 65 % polyester to 35 % cotton blend.
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What is the minnimum manning for recompression?
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3
Dive sup outside tender inside tender |
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What is optimum manning for recompression?
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4
Dive sup outside tender 1 outside tender 2 inside tender |
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What do you use TT 1A, 2A, and 3 for?
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used as a last resort when O2 is not available.
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What do you treat on a TT 5?
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Type 1 DCS, Asymptomatic omiited Decompression, treatment of resolved symptoms following in water decompression, follow up treatment for residual symptoms, carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene
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What is treated on a TT 6?
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AGE, Type II DCS, Type 1 DCS where relief is not complete withing the first 10 min at 60 feet, incomplete neuro, cutis marmorata, severe coarbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, smoke, asymptomatic omitted D, symptomatic uncontrolled ascent, recurrance of symptoms shallower ther 60 fsw.
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What is treated on a TT 6A
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AGE or DCS symptoms when sever symptoms remain unchanged or worsen within the first 20 min at 60 feet.
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What is treated on a TT 4
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Used when it is determined that the patient would receive additional benefit at depth of significat relief not to exceed 165 fsw.
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What is treated on a TT 7?
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Is an extension at 60 feet of TT 6, 6A or 4. considered heroic measure.
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What is treated on a TT 8?
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an adaptation of royal navy TT 65 mainly for treating deep uncontrolled ascents when more thtan 60 min of decompression has been administers.
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What is treated on a TT 9?
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Is a hyperbaric O2 treament table providing 90 min of O2 breathing at 40 feet. used for residual symptoms remaining after treatment of AGE/DCS. selected cases of carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning, smoke inhilation.
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Define passive rewarming
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Remove all wet cloths.
wrap victim in blanket. protect from wind. place in warm area. |
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What are the most frequent and obvious signs of CNS O2 tox.?
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twitiching and tingling symptoms in the small facial muscles, lips , or muscles of the extremities.
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Define Hypothermia?
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Decreas in body core temperature.
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How are heat related injuries treated?
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Ice pack to neck, armpit or groin, IV.
Never use cold water or ice on whole body. |
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What other medical condition should always be considered in all cases of AGE?
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Pneuothorax
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Any diver who surfaces unconscous and recovers when exposed to fresh air should receive what?
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A neurological exam to rule out AGE.
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What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
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12-16 respirations a min
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Name 5 signs and symptoms of shock?
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Respiration shallow, irregular, labored.
eyes vacant, lacluster. Pupils dialated. cyanosis. skin pale, or ash gray. wet clammy and cold Pulse weak. Decreased Blood pressure. Nausea thirst |
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What is needed for a barotrauma?
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G-gas filled space
R-rigid walls A-ambient pressure change V-Vascular penetration E-Enclosed Space |
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Define Vertigo?
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False sense of spinning
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When is the only time a touniguet can be removed.
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at a medical facility
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Name the four different POIS's?
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AGE, mediastinal emphysema, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax.
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___ is the most serouse potential complication in diving and is caused by an excess pressure indide the lings that fails to vent during ascent?
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AGE
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Define Hypoglycemia?
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Low blood sugar (glucos) level
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T/F when the body temperature is reduced below normal, gas absorbtion increases.
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T
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What are the signs and symptoms of Nitrogen Narcosis.
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Loss of judgement or skill.
a false feeling of wellbeing. Lack of concern for job or safety. apparent stupidity. inappropriate laugther. tingling and vague numbness of the lips, gums and legs |
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What in another name for hypercapnia?
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Carbon Dioxide tox.
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What is the most common type of barotrauman?
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Middle ear squeeze.
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What four things make up the circulatory system?
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Heart
Arteries Viens Capallaries |
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The early signs of Carbon Monoxide poisoning are?
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Headache
Nausea Vomiting |
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Define Hyperthermia?
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rise in bodies core temperature
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Define Aerophagia?
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Caused by gas being generated in the intestines during a dive by swallowing air.
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What are symptoms of mild Hypothermia?
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Uncotrolled shivering
Slurred speech imbalance poor judgement |
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Define active rewarming?
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Warm shower or bath, place in warm space
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Deifne Otis Externia?
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an infection of the ear canal (swimmers ear)
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Any diver surfacing unconscious should be treated for suspected ____.
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AGE
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What are two types of Transient Vertigo?
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Caloric-temperature change
Alternobaric-pressure change |
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What is the rule for ACLS and treatments?
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If availabel in 10 min keep patient on surface and adminster ACLS.
If not available in 10 min compress to 60 fsw. If it becomes available within 20 min surface at 30 fpm an administer ACLS. Never recompress a pulsless diver. |
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How is DCS casued?
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By inadequate elimination of dissovled gas after a dive or other exposure to high pressure.
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What is the treatment of altitude DCE joint pain?
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If only joint pain was present but resolved before reaching one ATA from altitude, then treat with 2 hours of O2 followed by 24 hr observation.
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What are the porcedures in the event of O2 Toxicity first hit?
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Remove patient from O2 and allow to breath chamber air for 15 min after symptoms have subsided, resume at point of interuption.
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What are the procedures in the event of O2 toxicity second symptome or first symptome is a convulsion?
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Remove patient from O2 allow to breath chamber air for 15 min after symptoms have subsided. Decompress 10 feet at 1 fpm. resume at point of interuption. If there is another hit, remove from O2 and contact DMO.
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CNS O2 Toxicity is unlikely in resting individuals at depths of __ or shallower and very unlikely at __ or shallower.
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50 / 30
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What IV solution should never be used in a chamber and why?
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Dextros (D5W), Because it causes cerebral edema when metabolized.
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When is the only time a patient should be kept awake during recompression treatment?
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When breathing O2 at depths greater than 30 feet.
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What should the O2 level be maintained at during a treatment?
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19-25 %, optimal is 21%
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What should the CO2 level be maintained at during a treatment?
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1.5 SEV
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What is the rule of breathing O2 in the chamber for tenders?
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During treatment all chamber occupants may breathe 100 % O2 at depths of 45 ft or shallower without locking in addtional personnel.
Tenders should not fasten the mask to there face. |
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If 100 % O2 can not be tolerated in the chamber what are the mixtures authorized for use?
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0-60 ft - 100 % O2
61-165 - 50/50 166-225 - 64/36 (HeO2 Only) |
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What is the relief set at on a chamber?
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10% above working pressure on the chamber.
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How do you calculate SEV. What is SEV equal to at 30' and 60'?
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1.5% / {(depth + 33)/33}
SEV 30'= .78 SEV 60'= .53 |
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What comprises the Nervous system?
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Brain
Spinal cord a complex network of nerves that course through the body. |
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What is collectively referred to as the Central Nervous system?
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Brain, Spinal Cord
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What forms the peripheral Nervous system?
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Nerves originating in the brain and spinal cord and traveling to peripheral parts of the body.
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What does the peripheral Nervous system consist of?
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Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves Sympatheritc Nervous system |
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The circulatory system consist of?
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Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
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What is the function of the circulatory system?
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Carries Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones toe every cell of the body.
Carries away carbon dioxide, waste chmicals, and heat. |
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Function of the Arteries?
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Carries blood from the heart to capillaries
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Function of the viens?
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Returns blood from the capillaires to the heart.
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What are the two circuits of the ciculatory system.
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Pulmonary Circuit-serves lung capillaries
Systemic Curcuit-serves tissure capillaries |
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How many liters of blood does the average human body contain?
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5 liters
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An adult at rest normally has a respiratory rate of approximately how many breaths per min.
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12-16
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At what drop on ppO2 will cause the onset of hypoxic symptoms?
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0.16 ata
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At what drop in ppO2 will cause most individuals to become hypoxic to the point of helplessness?
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0.11 ata
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At what drop in ppO2 will cause unconsciousness?
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0.10 ata
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What are the two important organs the inner ear contains?
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cochlea: the hearing sense organ.
Vestibular apparatus: balance organ |
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Name the three bones contained in the middle ear?
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Malleus-Hammer
Incus-anvil Stapes-stirrup |
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what is the medical term for a hole in a membrain?
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Fistula
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What is Gastrointestinal Distention?
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Abdominal pain during ascent because of gas expansion in the stomach or intestines.
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What factors affect the onset of O2 Toxicity?
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Individual susceptability, CO2 retention, excercise, immersion in water, depth, intermittent exposure.
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