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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Hypoxia?
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An abnormal deficiency of O2 in the arterial blood.
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Causes of Hypoxia?
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-Improper Gas Line up
-Blockage of fresh gas injection is UBA -inadequate purging of MK25 -blockage of air passage -collapse lung Due to pnuemothrax -Carbo monoxide poisoning -Breathholding |
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Symptoms of Hypoxia?
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Loss of judgment
Lack of concentration Lack of muscle control Inability to perform task Drowsiness Weakness Agitation Euporia Loss of consciousness |
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Treatment of Hypoxia
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Treat with basic first aid and 100% O2.
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What is Hypercapnia?
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A high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and body tissue.
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Causes of Hypercapnia?
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-Excess carbon dioxide levels in air supply
-inadequate ventilation -Failure of Carbon dioxide absorbent canisters -Inadequate lung ventilation in relation to exercise level. |
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Syptoms of Hypercapnia?
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-Increased breathing rate
-Shortness of breath -Confusion or Euphoria -Inability to concentrate -Increased sweating -Drowsiness -Headache -Loss of consiousness -Convulsions |
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Treatment of Hypercapnia?
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-Decrease the level of exertion
-Increase Helmet lung ventilation. -Shift to an alternate breathing source, and abort dive. |
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What is Asphyxia?
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A condition where breathing stops and both hypoxia and hypercapnia occur simultaneously.
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What is Barotrauman?
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Damage to body tissue from the mechanical effects of pressure, results when pressure differentials between body cavities and the hydrostatic pressure surrounding the body, or between the body and the diving equipment, are not equalized properly.
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Prerequisites for a Squeeze
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-Gas-filled space
-rigid walls -enclosed space -lining memebrane with blood supply -change ambient pressure |
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POIS ?
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Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrom.
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What are the two main causes of a POIS?
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-Excessive pressure inside the lung casued by positive pressure
-Failure of expanding gas to escape from the lung during ascent. |
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What are the Different POIS's?
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AGE
Mediastinal Emphysema Subcutanious Emphsema Pneumothorax (tension Pheumothorax) |
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Arteial Gas Embolism (AGE)
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An obstruction of blood flow caused by gas bubbles (emboli) entering the arterial circulation.
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Causes of an AGE?
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An expansion of gas taken into the lungs while breathing under pressure and held in the lungs during ascent. The pressure will force gas through the alveolar walls into surrounding tissue and the bloodstream.
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Symptoms of AGE?
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Unconsciousness, Paralysis, numbness, weakness, extreme fatigue, large areas of abnormal sensation, difficulty thinking, vertigo, confulsions, vision problems, loss of coordination, Nausea vomiting, Hearing abnormalities, senstino of a blow to the chest, bloody sputum, dizziness personalty change, loss of bodily functions, and tremors.
Any gross neurological defect. |
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Treatment of AGE?
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First Aid
100 % o2 Immediate recompression |
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Mediastinal Emphysema
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also called pneumomediastimum, occurs when gas is forced through torn lung tissue into the loose mediastinal tissues in the middle of the chest surrounding the heart, trachea, and major blood vessels.
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Subcutaneous Emphysema
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Occurs when that gas subsequently migrates into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck.
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Causes of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema?
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-Breath Holding during ascent
-Positive pressure breathing such as ditch and don exercises -Drown proofing exercises -Cough during a surface swim |
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Symptoms of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema?
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-Mild to moderate pain under the breastbone often described as dull, aching, or feeling of tightness.
-Pain on inspiriation, coughing or swallowing. -Feel fullness around the neck and difficulty swallowing. -Voice may change in pitch. -Observer may notice swelling or inflation of the divers neck. -Movement of the skin near the windpipe or collor bone may produce a cracking or crunching sound (crepitation) |
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Treatment of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema?
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AGE must be rulled out and for mild cases 100% O2 on surface. For severe cases shollow recompression may be benificial but only with DMO recommendation.
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Pneumothorax?
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Air trapped in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall.
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Causes of Pneumothorax?
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When the lung surface ruptures and air spills into the space between the lung and chest wall. Rupture can be caused by a blow to the chest, or from overpressurization of the lung.
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Types of Pneumothorax?
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Simple- a one-time leakage of air from the lung into the chest partially collapses the lung, causing a varying degree of respiratory distress and is usually reabsorbed in time.
Tension-Damage allows air to enter but not exit the plural space. Successive breathing enlarges the air pocket. |
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Symptoms of Pneumothorax?
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-Sudden, sharp pain in chest.
-Shortness in breath. -labored breathing, -rapid heart rate. -weak pulse. -anxiety. |
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Cyanosis?
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Bluish discoloration of the skin.
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Treatment of Pneumothorax?
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Simple will ususally improve over time as the air in the pleural space is absorbed.
Mild cases can be treated with 100% O2. Severe cases may require a chest tube, largebore intravenous (IV) catheter. |
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What are the two types of Oxygen Toxicity?
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Pulmonary O2 Tox
CNS O2 Tox |
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Pulmonary O2 Toxicity?
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Can occur whenever the O2 partial pressure exceeds 0.5 ata.
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Causes of Pulmonary O2 Toxicity?
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Long exposures to higher levels of oxygen such as during treatment tables 4, 7 and 8
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Symptoms of Pulmonary o2 Toxicity?
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Burning sensation in chest that can increase to pain on inspiration.
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CNS O2 Toxicity?
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Can occur whenever the oxygen partial pressure exceeds 1.3 ata in a wet diver or 2.4 ata in a dry diver.
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Factors affecting the risk of CNS O2 Tox.
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Individual susceptibility, CO2 retention, Exercise, Immersion in water, Depth, intermittent exposure.
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Symptoms of CNS O2 Tox?
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V isual
E ar N ausea T witching/tingling I rritability D izziness C convulsions |
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Treatment of CNS O2 Tox?
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-Ascent
-Shirt to a breathing mixture with lower O2 %. -In a chamber, remove mask. |
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Decompression Sickness (DCS).
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A diver's blood and tissues absorb additional nitrogen (or Helium) from the lungs when at depth. If a diver ascends to fast this excess gas will sperate from solution and form bubbles. These bubbles produce mechanical an dbiochemical effects that lead to DCS.
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Direct Bubble Effect?
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Bubbles forming in the tissues and in the bloodstream may exert their effects directly.
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Indirect Bubble Effect?
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The body reacts as it would if there were a cinder in the eye or a splinter in the hand. the body's defense becomes alert to try to eliminate the foreign object.
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Two types of DCS?
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Type I DCS
Type II DCS |
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Type I DCS?
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Involves the skin, lymphatic system, muscles, and joints and is not life threatening.
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Type II DCS?
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Involves the nervous system, repiratory system, or circulatory system and can be life threatening.
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Hypothermia?
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Lowering of the core temperature of the body.
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Hyperthermia?
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A raising of the core temperature of the body. You are considered to have hyperthermia when your core temperature rises 1.8 F above normal.
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Diagnosis of AGE?
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As a basic rule, any diver who breaths compressed gas at depth and who surfaces, unconcious. loses consciousness, or has any obvious neurological symptoms within 10 minutes of reaching the surface must be assumed to be suffering from AGE.
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What are the 6 areas of a Neurological exam?
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Mental Status
Coordination Cranial Nerves Strenght (motor) Sensory Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR) |
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What are the cranial nerves?
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-Olfactory (Smell)
-Optic (vision) -Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens (eye movement) -Trigeminal (forhead, face and clenching of the jaw) -Facial (face muscles) -Acoustic (hearing and balance) -Glossopharyngeal (upper mouth and throat) -Vagus (roof fo mouth and vocal cords) -Spinal Accessory (turning of the head and shoulder shrug) -Hypoglossal (Tongue) |
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How is muscle strenght graded
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(0) Paralysis
(1) Profound Weakness (2) Severe Weakness (3) Moderate Weakness (4) Mild Weakness (5) Normal |
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methods of controling bleeding?
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Direct Pressure
Pressure Point Tourniquet |
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What are the 11 pressure points?
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Temporal
Subclavin Brachial Radial Ulmar Iliac Anterior/Posterior Tibial Superficial Temporal Common Cartoid Brachial Femoral Popliteal |
