Insects & Human Society- Sessions 1-7

Front 1

Species

Back 1

The basic unit of living things, consisting of a group of individuals which all look more or less alike and which can all breed with each other to produce another generation of similar creatures.

Front 2

Monera

Back 2

One of the 5 kingdoms of life. This kingdom contains the first type of cells to evolve. It includes the various types of bacteria.

Front 3

Plantae

Back 3

One of the 5 kingdoms of life. It includes those multicellular organisms that possess chlorophyll (the green pigment essential for photosynthesis) and can make their own food using sunlight as an important energy source.

Front 4

Insecta

Back 4

A 'class' of the 'phylum' Arthropoda, distinguished by adults having three body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen; and by having the thorax three-segmented with each segment bearing a pair of legs.

Front 5

Protista

Back 5

One of the 5 kingdoms of life. It includes mostly unicellular organisms such as protozoans and also the algae.

Front 6

Fungi

Back 6

One of the 5 kingdoms of life. Members of this kingdom lack chlorophyll, cannot carry on photosynthesis.

Front 7

Animalia

Back 7

One of the kingdoms of life, specifically those multicellular organisms referred to as animals. These include the common forms of life such as fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, worms, etc. These forms are composed of many cells and ingest their food.

Front 8

Extinct

Back 8

Something that no longer exists and is known only from its fossil record or specimens saved in museums. Trilobites are good examples of extinct arthropods.

Front 9

Biological control

Back 9

The control of pests by employing predators, parasites, or disease; the natural enemies are encouraged and disseminated by man.

Front 10

Fossils

Back 10

Remains of plants or animals that are in someway preserved so that scientists can make some sort of identification.

Front 11

What is life? How do we know something is living?

Back 11

1) Living things are organized
2) Have DNA or RNA
3) Respond to stimuli & have regulatory mechnaisms involved in their control
4) Reproduce & grow
5) They metabolize
6) They evolve
7) Need food, oxygen, & water
8) Have a genotype & phenotype

Front 12

Living things are organized:

Back 12

a. Organism
b. Systems
c. Organs
d. Tissues
e. Cell types
f. organelles

Front 13

6 Major Kingdoms

Back 13

1) Archaebacteria
2) Eubacteria
3) Protista
4) Fungi
5) Plantae
6) Animalia

Front 14

Binomial system of nomenclature

Back 14

2 names- genus and species names

Humans are Homo sapiens L.

Front 15

Hierarchy of classification

Back 15

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 16

Dichotomus key

Back 16

Device for unlocking what an unknown is by using 2 sets of characters that are dichotomus or branch into 2 pathways

Front 17

Entomology

Back 17

The scientific study of insects and their relatives

Front 18

Why study insects?

Back 18

1) Insects vector diseases
2) They are often a nuiscance
3) They destroy crops, homes, & other human products
4) Effects of pesticides on the environment
5) They are food for other organisms
6) They produce certain useful products
7) Important symbols in human cultural, religion, & art
8) They are important to gardeners & farmers:
a. Pollination for seeds & fruits
b. Aesthetics- butterflies
c. Help control other pests
9) They can be a great hobby
10) Important for biodiversity & conservation biology
11) Model systems for at or in: classrooms, Audubon centers, environmental centers, museums, insect zoos
12) Model systems for research

Front 19

Rachel Carson

Back 19

Changed our view on pesticides. Wrote "Silent Spring". This led to the creation of the EPA.

Front 20

Why are insects so successful?

Back 20

- High reproductive potential
- Ability to disperse
- Ability to fly
- Short generation time
- Small size - millions of micro-ecosystems; small, so can exploit the ecosystem

Front 21

Hexapoda

Back 21

Insect

Front 22

Vector

Back 22

An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another.

Front 23

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 23

Developed the Bionomial system of nomenclature.

Front 24

Arthropods

Back 24

The largest group or Phylum in the animal kingdom. Animals in this phylum have their skeleton on the outside, thus it is called an exoskeleton. Their exoskeletons are also made of chitin and they all have jointed legs or appendages. Insects belong to this phylum.

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Invertebrate

Back 25

Animals that lack a true backbone made of bone or a spinal column. Often called animals without backbones. All arthropods, including insects lack a true backbone.

Front 26

Chitin

Back 26

The tough horny material, chemically known as a nitrogenous polysaccharide, which makes up the bulk of the insect cuticle, also occurs in other arthropods.

Front 27

exoskeleton

Back 27

A skeleton located outside the body, as in arthropods.

Front 28

trilobites

Back 28

An arthropod, which are now extinct and known only from the fossil record.

Front 29

7 Characteristics of Arthropods

Back 29

1) They have paired segmented or jointed appendages (eg. antenna)
2) They have segmented bodies
3) They respire by gills and/or trachae
4) They have jointed legs
5) They have a chitinous exoskeleton
6) They have bilateral symmetry
7) In order to grow they must molt

Front 30

5 Major Arthropod Groups

Back 30

Arachnids, crustacea, millipedes, centipedes, insects

Front 31

Insects (characteristics)

Back 31

1) They have mandibles
2) Have 3 body regions (head, thorax, & abdomen)
3) One pair of antennae as adults
4) 3 pairs of legs on thorax as adults
5) Usually 2 pairs of wings as adults

Front 32

molting

Back 32

Is a process in arthropods where the old exoskeleton or cuticle is digested, a new one produced, and the old one shed or removed.

Front 33

Insect Design

Back 33

- Structure compliments function
- Successful design has undergone evolutionary challenge
- Humans learn a lot about design from both plants (velcrow) and animals (robots)
- Design of living organisms are always undergoing evolutionary pressure

Front 34

Biological Systems of Animals (including insects)

Back 34

1) Muscular System
2) Integumentary System
3) Circulatory System
4) Nervous System
5) Skeletal System
6) Digestive System
7) Respiratory System
8) Excretory System
9) Endocrine System
10) Reproductive System

Front 35

Integumentary System

Back 35

- Have an exoskeleton- protect internal organs & tissues
- Barrier against entry of pathogens & parasites & pesticides
- Prevents water loss & entrances

Front 36

Skeletal System

Back 36

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
1. Provide attachment sites for muscles
2. Provide support for various tissues
3. Provide protection for internal soft tissues and organs

Front 37

Similarities and differences between the integumentary or covering system of humans and insects

Back 37

Similarities-The covering system in both basically serves the same functions
Differences-
a. The skin of humans is not the same as the exoskeleton of the insect. Thus, it is incorrect to say that insects shed their "skin" when they molt. Instead, they shed their exoskeleton.
Facts-
a. The integumentary system of insects has a waxy covering, which makes it difficult for pesticides and water to penetrate
b. You can physically remove this waxy layer with things like boric acid and the insect will die from water loss

Front 38

Similarities and differences between the skeletal system of humans and insects:

Back 38

1. Similarities-The skeletal system in both basically serves the same functions
2. Differences-
a. Insects do not have bones, humans do.
b. Insects have their skeletal system on the outside and it is called the
exoskeleton, while humans have an internal or endoskeleton.
3. Facts-
a. Insect exoskeleton contains chitin, a carbohydrate molecule that gives the cuticle strength not hardness
b. Humans lack chitin, thus chemicals against this compound should not affect humans
c. Insect colors can be due to color pigments in the cuticle or to structural effects of the cuticle. The structural effect on the light rays is what causes the irridescent colors of many insects.
d. When you eat an arthropod, such as a lobster, crayfish, crab or shrimp, you generally don't eat the cuticle or exoskeleton. When you eat soft shelled crabs, however, you are eating the exoskeleton, just after the molt and before it becomes tanned and hardened.

Front 39

Musculatory System

Back 39

-Coordinated movement
- Body support
- Maintain posture
- Powers wings
- Aids in movement of internal visceral & digestive tract
- Powers legs

Front 40

Similarities and differences between the muscular system of humans and insects:

Back 40

1. Similarities-
a. The muscular system in both insects and humans basically serves the same functions
b. The structure of the muscle fibers in humans and insects do not differ that much
c. Insects have striated muscles similar to that of humans
2. Differences-
a. Insects do not have smooth muscles, humans do
b. Insects do not have their muscles attached to an internal skeleton by tendons while humans do. Instead, insect muscles are attached to the exoskeleton at points known as apodemes.
3. Facts-
a. Insect muscle can contract rapidly because of the special way the nerves impact the muscle. Thus, some muscles, such as the sound producing mechanims of cicadas, can contract very rapidly.
b. Insects fly using an indirect flight muscle system. This means that the muscles are not directly in contact with the wings but with the cuticle, which springs in an out very rapidly.

Front 41

Circulatory System

Back 41

- Transport system for digested food, hormones, & waste
- Seals wound when cuticle is broken or pierced
- Destroy invading pathogens/parasites
- Create hemostatic pressure
- Blood cells don't carry oxygen

Front 42

Similarities and differences between the circulatory system of humans and insects:

Back 42

1. Similarities-
a. The circulatory system in both serves the same basic functions
b. Insects can heal a wound just like humans; but, the clotting mechanism is different
2. Differences-
a. Insects do not use red blood cells to carry oxygen to the cells or tissues. Instead, they use the tracheal system to do this
b. Insects do not have red blood cells-A few insects have hemoglobin but, it is not in blood cells but the hemolymph
c. Insects have an open circulatory system while humans have a closed circulatory system
d. Insect circulatory system is located dorsally to the body while in humans it is ventral
3. Facts-
a. Insects can recognize foreign substances or objects within their system and can destroy them using special types of blood cells. These blood cells or better called hemocytes can engulf or encapsulate foreign particles or organisms. Thus, they have an immune system but, very different from that of humans. The immune system of insects has no "memory" like that of humans.
b. Insects do have blood cells or hemocytes
c. Insects have a very simple heart that is located dorsally

Front 43

Lymphatic System

Back 43

1. To provide a liquid media, lymph, that bathes all the tissues
2. To provide a filtering system (lymph nodes) that is involved in destroying bacteria, etc.
3. To assist in long-term protection via the immune system against pathogens, etc. Insects lack this, especially long-term.

INSECT HEMOLYMPH
Insects do not have a separate lymphatic system. Their blood is more correctly called hemolymph, which is part of the circulatory system.

Front 44

Similarities and differences between the lymphatic system of humans and hemolymph of insects:

Back 44

. Similarities-
a. Both have fluids (85-90% water) that bath the cells and tissues. In insects it is called hemolymph while in humans it is called lymph
2. Differences-
a. Insects do not have a true lymphatic system, lymph nodes, etc., like humans.
3. Facts-
a. Insects do not have a true lymphatic system, lymph nodes, etc.

Front 45

Nervous System

Back 45

- Has sensory organs- eyes, tympanum, antenna, etc.
- Assist in movement (coordination)
- Transfer of nervous messages to glands & muscles
- Assist in controlling short-term events

Front 46

Similarities and differences between the nervous systemof humans and insects:

Back 46

1. Similarities-
a. Both have receptors and sense organs that provide the insect with information about their surroundings
b. Both have brains, nerve cells, and nerve cords
2. Differences-
a. The nervous system in insects is located ventrally while in humans it is dorsally.
b. Insects have compound eyes, simple eyes, and antenna while humans do not
3. Facts-
a. Insects can perceive things that we cannot, such as UV light (ultraviolet light)
b. Insects not only can taste with their mouthparts, such as the palps; but, they have taste or chemoreceptors located on their feet and sometimes on their antenna.
c. Some pesticides, such as DDT and the organophosphates and carbamates, are targeted against the insect's nervous system. Because humans have such a similar system, these pesticides can also affect or kill us.
d. Most insects can learn something. Some insects, like the honeybee, can learn a lot more and remember the place, angle from the sun, and distance of a source of nectar or pollen.

Front 47

Digestive System

Back 47

- Breaks down large food molecules- mechanically with teeth or other mechanisms, so smaller food molecules can enter the blood
- Chemically break down large food molecules using enzymes
- To assist in getting rid of waste products

Front 48

Similarities and differences between the digestive system of humans and insects:

Back 48

1. Similarities-
a. Basically, the digestive systems of both are very similar
b. Insects and humans both have a mouth and an anus
c. Insects and humans both use enzymes to breakdown larger food molecules into smaller molecules
2. Differences-
a. Some insects can digest cellulose (wood) because of the microorganisms in their hindgut while humans cannot do this
b. The lining of the fore and hindgut of insects is lined with cuticle, which is absent in humans
3. Facts-
a. At each molt, the fore and hindgut are shed with the rest of the cuticle. Because some insects, like termites, house symbionts that aid in the digestion of cellulose (wood), they lose their microorganisms and must get them by eating the
feces of other termites. If they were unable to do this, they would starve to death.
b. Insects produce feces called frass. This is very obvious when one raises caterpillars.

Front 49

Respiratory System

Back 49

- getting oxygen to cells & getting carbon dioxide out of the system
- filter the air that enters the respiratory system
- assist in flight via the air sacs

Front 50

Similarities and differences between the respiratory systemor ventilatory system of humans and insects:

Back 50

1. Similarities-
a. Basically, the respiratory system of both is very similar in function
b. Insects need oxygen and must get rid of carbon dioxide, just like humans
2. Differences-
a. Insects do not have lungs, thus they cannot breathe. Instead, we say they carry on respiration or ventilate
b. Insects do not use the hemoglobin in red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the cells. In fact, most insects lack red blood cells
c. Insects have a separate tubular system, composed of tubes called trachea, and also known as the tracheal system, that delivers gases to and from the cells.
d. Air in insects enters through the openings called spiracles while in humans it enters via the nose or mouth. "
e. Insects do not have noses.
3. Facts-
a. Most aquatic insects use gills to get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

Front 51

Excretory System

Back 51

- To assist in the elimination of excretory products (ie urine, urea, uric acid)
- To assist in the reabsorption of water, salts, etc. thus preventing dehydration

Front 52

Similarities and differences between the excretory system of humans and insects:

Back 52

1. Similarities-
a. Basically, the excretory system of both is very similar
b. Both humans and insect can produce urea, urine, or uric acid
2. Differences-
a. Insects have excretory structures, known as Malpighian tubules (see diagram above of the insect digestive system to see Malpighian tubules), that are finger-like and hang in the hemolymph. Humans lack Malpighian tubules.
3. Facts-
a. The major excretory product of insects is uric acid, which is not very soluble in water. This way, insects conserve water when they defecate because uric acid doesn't contain much water. Spiders also mainly produce uric acid.
Have you ever seen the white "poop" under a spiders "hangout"? It is white and almost impossible to wash up. This is because it is not very soluble in water.

Front 53

Endocrine System

Back 53

- Assist in coordination of long-term events w/ chemicals- hormones or neurohormones
- Produce & release hormones
- Assist in coordination of internal events like digestion, reproduction, etc.

Front 54

Similarities and differences between the endocrine system of humans and insects:

Back 54

1. Similarities-
a. Basically, the endocrine system of both is very similar
b. Both humans and insect produce endocrines or hormones that help regulate various bodily functions
2. Differences-
a. Insects have some endocrine glands lacking in humans (e.g., corpora allata that produces juvinile hormone and the ecdysial gland that produces ecdysone or the molting hormone)
b. Insects can enter diapause, which is a stage of reproductive and locomotion cessation and/or growth. This is caused usually by short-day lengths and low temperatures in the fall of the temperate regions. During this diapause, which is controlled by hormones, insects can survive for long periods of time without water, food, and low freezing temperatures. This is what the lady bugs do in the northern states.
3. Facts-
a. Insect produce ecdysone while humans don't. This hormone is the chemical that initiates the molt while humans cannot molt.
b. Insects also produce juvenile hormone while humans cannot. This hormone is important at the molt because it is the determining hormone for what type of cuticle the insect's epidermal cells produce.

Front 55

Reproductive System

Back 55

- Produce gamets (egg & sperm)
- Assist in events like egg laying, mating, development of embryo, fertilization, etc.
- Important for the continuation of species

Front 56

Similarities and differences between the reproductive system of humans and insects:

Back 56

1. Similarities-
a. Basically, the reproductive system of both is very similar in functions
b. Both humans and insects have gametes (i.e., egg cells and sperm cells)
c. Both usually have internal fertilization where a penis (in insects called the aedeagus) is inserted into the females vagina and sperm is then deposited.
2. Differences-
a. Insects usually deposit their eggs outside the body where they procede to develop while humans maintain the eggs in a uterus. A few insects, like the tsetse fly, has a uterus for egg development.
b. Insect eggs have a shell covering them while humans do not have this.
c. Humans have a lot of parental care while insects usually have none. Social insects, however, do.
3. Facts-
a. Male insects often transfer a chemical to the female when they mate that renders her unreceptive to other males. Thus, she will not remate again until she has laid all of her eggs.
b. Insects often have an ovipositor with which to deposit eggs. Humans do not.

Front 57

What limitations exist on animals becoming too large?

Back 57

1) Support of the body by:
a) Skeleton
b) Muscle
2) Water Diffusion
3) Oxygen diffusion

Oxygen- extract energy from food & fuel for locomotion & flight

Front 58

Epidermal cells

EPIDERMIS

Back 58

The cellular layer of the integument that secretes or deposits a comparatively thick cuticle on its outer surface.

Front 59

endocuticle

Back 59

The innermost layer of the cuticle.

Front 60

exocuticle

Back 60

The hard and usually darkened layer of the cuticle lying between the endocuticle and epicuticle.

Front 61

chitin

Back 61

The tough horny material, chemically known as a nitrogenous polysaccharide, which makes up the bulk of the insect cuticle, also occurs in other arthropods.

Front 62

epicuticle

Back 62

The thin, non-chitinous, surface layers of the cuticle.

Front 63

Integument

Back 63

The insect's outer coat.

Front 64

Basement membrane

Back 64

the underlying, non-cellular layer of the
integument. Permits chemicals, etc., to pass from the blood into
the epidermal cells.

Front 65

brain hormone (PTTH)

Back 65

As the immature insects feed, their internal body increases and this applies pressure on the exoskeleton. PTTH causes a special gland (ecdysial gland) in the thorax to secrete a molting hormone (ecdysone), which activates the molting process.

Front 66

Ecdysone

Back 66

Ecdysone causes the epidermis to divide and physically separate from the cuticle.

Front 67

Molting!

Back 67

1. As the immature insects feed, their internal body increases and this applies pressure on the exoskeleton. This pressure causes special stretch receptors to signal the brain to produce and release a hormone called PTTH (or brain hormone) into the blood.

PTTH causes a special gland (ecdysial gland) in the thorax to secrete a molting hormone (ecdysone), which activates the molting process.
2. Ecdysone causes the epidermis to divide and physically separate from the cuticle.
3. Molting gel (contains inactive enzymes such
as chitinase and proteinases) produced in space.
4. New outer epicuticle produced and inactive
enzymes (chitinase + proteinases) activated.
5. Endocuticle digested away and reabsorbed
6. Old endocuticle is digested away leaving only
old epi- and exocuticle.
7. Area of weakness at ecdysial suture due to old
endocuticle being digested away.
8. Increased internal blood pressure due to insect swallowing air or water and taking air into the tracheal system, thus the ecdysial suture breaks.
9. Undifferentiated new procuticle becomes
differentiated into new exo- and endocuticle


10. The insect then works its way out of the old exoskeleton in a soft, pliant state. The insect’s blood pressure then returns to normal.

A final hormone, bursicon, is released which causes the new exoskeleton to harden by going through a process called tanning and darkening due to melanin or pigment formation.

Front 68

3 hormones involved in molting

Back 68

PTTH (or brain hormone)
ecdysone
bursicon

Front 69

Intersegmental membranes

Back 69

Sclerites (the hard, rigid plates of the exoskeleton) are joined by soft, flexible membranes known as intersegmental membranes.

Front 70

Metamorphosis

Back 70

Name given to the changes that take place during an insect's life as it turns from a young animal to an adult. These changes may be gradual and not too large, as in the grasshopper, and metamorphosis is then said to be partial or incomplete. On the other hand, the changes may be much greater and they may take place in one big step - as in the butterflies and moths, which change from caterpillars to adults during the pupal stage. Metamorphosis of this kind is said to be complete.

Front 71

Larva

Back 71

Name given to a young insect which is markedly different from the adult: caterpillars and fly maggots are good examples.

Front 72

Pupa (pl., pupae)

Back 72

The 3rd stage in the life history of butterflies and other insects undergoing a complete metamorphosis during which the larval body is rebuilt into that of the adult insect a non-feeding and usually inactive stage.

Front 73

Nymph

Back 73

Name given to the young stages of those insects which undergo a partial metamorphosis. The nymph is usually quite similar to the adult except that its wings are not fully developed. It normally feeds on the same kind of food as the adult.

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Chrysalis

Back 74

The pupa of a butterfly.

Front 75

Cocoon

Back 75

A case, made partly or completely of silk, which protects the pupa in many insects, especially the moths. The cocoon is made by the larva before it pupates.

Front 76

Naiad

Back 76

An aquatic, gill-bearing nymph.

Front 77

Wing pads

Back 77

The undeveloped wings of nymphs and naiads, which appear as two flat structures on each side.

Front 78

The Life of an Insect

Back 78

I. Insect life cycles
A. Metamorphosis not evident
B. Gradual metamorphosis
1. With immature living in water
2. With immature living on land
C. Complete metamorphosis

Front 79

The Life of an Insect (continued)

Back 79

II. Life stages in insect development
A. Metamorphosis not evident
embryo---nymph---adult
B. Gradual metamorphosis
1. With immature living in water
embryo---naiad---naiad---naiad---adult
2. With immature living on land
embryo---nymph---nymph---nymph---adult
C. Complete metamorphosis

Front 80

The Life of an Insect (continued)

Back 80

III. Events in the life cycle of an insect
A. Hatching from the egg
B. Growth
C. Molting
D. Metamorphosis
E. Reproduction
D. Death

Front 81

the Scientific Method

Back 81

The scientific method is a process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (i.e., a reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.

Front 82

What are the steps involved in the Scientific Method?

Back 82

•1. Making Observations: these can be observations one has made themselves, or they can be the observations of others and our reading.

•2. Forming a Question: this should be based on the observation(s) and your knowledge. Thus, the greater your knowledge base, the better questions you can ask.

•3. Forming a Testable Hypothesis: a hypothesis must be verifiable or falsifiable. For example, “Invisible aliens that only I can see blew out the candle” is not a hypothesis that we can test in an experiment.

•4. Forming a Prediction: this should be based upon the hypothesis.

•5. EXPERIMENTATION OR Testing the Predictions: Done in properly performed, controlled experiments.

•6. Analyzing the Data: often via the use of statistical tests.

•7. Drawing a conclusion: Is based on the results of your data.

•8. Reformulating the Question: if needed because of data analysis.

Front 83

(Experimental) treatment

Back 83

When you actually do something to the animal, such as inject a chemical or do an operation to remove a gland.

Front 84

Controlled variables

Back 84

things that can be controlled

Front 85

Uncontrollable variables

Back 85

Things the experimenter can’t really control or know, such as the physiological state of the animal, genetic differences, etc.

Front 86

Basic research

Back 86

Designed to answer a question that at the moment has no application.

Front 87

Applied research

Back 87

Goal directed & having an application in mind from the beginning

Front 88

spontaneous generation

Back 88

From the time of the ancient Romans, through the Middle Ages, and until the late nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that some life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter.

Front 89

Control

Back 89

When you don’t do anything to that group of organisms but everything else remains the same. This provides a check on the treatment.

Front 90

Science

Back 90

Logical search for knowlege about any & all aspects of the universe

Front 91

bioassay

Back 91

using a live animal to test the effectiveness of something

Front 92

sham control

Back 92

When you do something to the animal but eliminate the treatment. This is a check on the delivery or action of the treatment.