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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the cuticle? |
- produce surface wax - water retention/repelling excess water - support + protection - reflect solar & uv radiation - mimicry & camouflagewhat |
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What are sclerites? |
Plates on the body wall that are thickened by fibre |
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Define arthrodial membrane |
Soft cuticle than can stretch |
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What forms the integument? |
The epidermis + all 4 layers of the cuticle (endo, exo, and epicuticle) |
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Go through insect general body plan |
- segmented body - head with 6 fused segments - thorax (pro, meso, meta) - abdomen - compound eyes + ocelli - dorsal, ventral, lateral sclerites - one pair of antennae |
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Insect mouthparts |
- labrum: upper lip - hypopharynx: tongue - mandibles: jaws - maxillae: with maxillary pulps - labium: lower lip with labial palps - frons & clypeus: plates above mouthparts |
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Insect leg structure |
- 3 pairs of legs inserted on 3 thoraxic segments - larvae may have prolegs - 6 segments of legs: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and claws - legs are adapted for digging/running/jumping/swimming |
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Go over wings and flight |
- wings have vein structure (tubular + sclerotised) - wings are modified according to insect type (halteres, tegmina etc) - apterous (wingless) |
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Distinguish synchronous from asynchronous flight muscles, giving examples |
Synchronous flight: 4 wings controlled independently (ex: dragonfly) Asynchronous flight: harmonized beat of wings (ex: bees) |
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Talk about insect-plant coevolution |
Relationship evolved over millenia, insects become more adapted and immune to plant toxins, etc - plants are primary producers, form basis of most food chains |
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3 types of plant-insect relationships |
Pollination Herbivory Habitat |
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Talk about plant defense mechanisms |
Plants can have spikes/thorns/toxins that deter herbivores Plant can produce more roots/flowers that were eaten |
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Talk about plant defense mechanisms |
Plants can have spikes/thorns/toxins that deter herbivores Plant can produce more roots/flowers that were eaten |
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Talk about chemical and allochemical responses to herbivory |
- plant can produce harmful toxins (induced response) - plant can produce chemicals which attract insects natural enemies; or can produce chemicals that induce nearby trees to do the same/produce defensive structures |
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Talk about plant defense mechanisms |
Plants can have spikes/thorns/toxins/wax that deter herbivores Plant can produce more roots/flowers that were eaten Plant can produce buds during season where there are less insects |
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Talk about chemical and allochemical responses to herbivory |
- plant can produce harmful toxins (induced response) - plant can produce chemicals which attract insects natural enemies; or can produce chemicals that induce nearby trees to do the same/produce defensive structures |
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What challenges do herbivores face when eating plants? |
- must attach themselves to plant (ex: aphids do this by sticking rostrum in plant) - exposure to elements (living on underside of leaf protects insects from sunshine/rain/potential predators) |
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Insect herbivory strategies |
Leaf chewers Sap suckers Leaf miners Stem borers Wood borers Fruit borers Gall makers Seed predators |
