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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sulphur Content |
Weight percent of sulphur in crude oil, anything greater than 0.5% is considered sour |
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Properties of Crude Oil |
Degrees API Sulphur content Pour Point Carbon Residue Salt content Nitrogen content Metal content |
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Pour Point |
Temperature dependant: Indicates the paraffin and aromatics content, Low value= low paraffin and high aromatic content High value= high paraffin content and low aromatic content |
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Carbon residue |
Determined by distillation to a coke residue Indicates the tendency to form solid coke deposits under high temperature conditions |
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Coke deposits Coke |
Solidified carbon |
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Salt content |
NaCl must be reduced to less than 1-10 lbs per thousand barrel |
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Nitrogen Content and Metal Content |
Both cause Catalyst poisoning |
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Atmospheric Distillation |
Distills crude oil at one atmosphere and up to 400 degrees Celsius This is done to @ the specific temp and pressure to avoid “cracking” and “coking” |
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Cracking |
Breaking carbon carbon bonds in long hydro-carbon chains |
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Distillation |
Separation of oil fractions based off their differing boiling points They get with drawn at different portions of the tower |
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Vacuum Distillation |
The heavy hydrocarbon fractions from atmospheric distillation are sent to a low to zero pressure vessel so they can be exposed to higher temperatures. This is done to further break them into separate fractions for sale |
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Heavy Oil Upgrade Methods |
Carbon Rejection Hydrogen addition (hydro processing) |
Two methods |
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Carbon Rejection methods |
Solvent De-Asphalting Coking |
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Solvent De-Asphalting |
A solvent is mixed into the heavy oil fraction, the heaviest fractions solidify |
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Coking |
Using high temperatures to break carbon-carbon bonds to form lighter hydrocarbon compounds. There is not enough hydrogen to saturate the bonds so the large ones become “Petroleum Coke”. |
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Delayed Coking Process |
The heaviest carbon fractions are sent into a high temperature (500 degrees Celsius) furnace at a high velocity. The HC stream is then sent to a vessel so the carbon bonds can break They cannot break in the furnace, because the solid carbon can damage the interior. There are two vessels for the coking process, but while one is being used the other is going through regeneration. |
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Regeneration |
Using high pressure water to cut solid carbon out of the vessel |
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