Inquiry Into Life 12/e - Mader, Chapter 11

Front 1

Abdominal Cavity

Back 1

The stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines are in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity.

Front 2

Actin

Back 2

Muscle protein making up the thin filaments in a sarcomere; its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction/

Front 3

Acute Disease

Back 3

An abnormal condition that occurs suddenly and tends to last a short time.

Front 4

Adhesion Junction

Back 4

Junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but at held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings.

Front 5

Adipose Tissue

Back 5

Connective tissue in which fat is stored.

Front 6

Anatomy

Back 6

The study of the structures of the human body.

Front 7

Axon

Back 7

Fiber of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Front 8

Basement Membrane

Back 8

Layer of nonliving material that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.

Front 9

Blood

Back 9

Type of connective tissue in which cells are separated by a liquid called plasma.

Front 10

Bone

Back 10

Connective tissue having protein fibers and a hard matrix of inorganic salts, notably calcium salts.

Front 11

Capillary

Back 11

Microscopic vessel connecting arterioles to venules; exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid occurs acrss their cell walls.

Front 12

Carcinoma

Back 12

Cancer arising in epithelial tissue.

Front 13

Cardiac Muscle

Back 13

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Front 14

Cardiovascular System

Back 14

Organ system in which blood vessels distribute blood under the pumping action of the heart.

Front 15

Cartilage

Back 15

Connective tissue in which the cells lie within lacunae embedded in a flexible proteinaceous matrix.

Front 16

Central Nervous System

Back 16

Portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 17

Chronic Disease

Back 17

Disease that persists over a long duration.

Front 18

Cilium

Back 18

(pl., cilia) Motile, short, hairlike extensions on the exposed surfaces of cells.

Front 19

Coelom

Back 19

Embryonic body cavity lying between the digestive tract and the body wall that is completely lined by mesoderm; in humans, the embryonic coelom becomes the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Front 20

Collagen Fiber

Back 20

White fiber in the matrix of connective tissue, giving flexibility and strength.

Front 21

Columnar Epithelium

Back 21

Type of epithelial tissue with cylindrical cells.

Front 22

Compact Bone

Back 22

Type of bone that contains osteons consisting of concentric layers of matrix and osteocytes in lacunae.

Front 23

Connective Tissue

Back 23

Type of tissue characterized by cells separated by a matrix that often contains fibers.

Front 24

Cranial Cavity

Back 24

The cranial cavity contains the brain.

Front 25

Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 25

Type of epithlial tissues characterized by cube-shaped cells.

Front 26

Dermis

Back 26

Region of the skin that lies beneath the epidermis.

Front 27

Dendrite

Back 27

Part of a neuron that sends signals toward the cell body.

Front 28

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Back 28

Type of connective tissue containing many collagen fibers packed together; found in tendons and ligaments, for example.

Front 29

Diaphragm

Back 29

Dome-shaped horizontal sheet of muscle and connective tissue that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Front 30

Digestive System

Back 30

Organ system that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon), which receives food and digests it into nutrient molecules. Also has associated organs; teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Front 31

Disease

Back 31

Illness, state of homeostatic imbalance in which part of all of the body does not function properly.

Front 32

Dorsal

Back 32

Toward the back.

Front 33

Elastic Cartilage

Back 33

Type of cartilage composed of elastic fibers, allowing greater flexibility.

Front 34

Elastic Fiber

Back 34

Yellow fiber in the matrix of connective tissue, providing flexibility.

Front 35

Endocrine System

Back 35

Organ system involved in the coordination of body activities; uses hormones as chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream.

Front 36

Epidermis

Back 36

In plants, tissue that covers roots, leaves, and stems of a nonwoody organism; in mammals, the outer protective region of the skin.

Front 37

Epithelial Tissue

Back 37

Type of tissue that lines hollow organs and covers surfaces; also called epithelium.

Front 38

Erythrocyte

Back 38

Red blood cells.

Front 39

Fibroblast

Back 39

Cell in connective tissues that produces fibers and other substances.

Front 40

Fibrocartilage

Back 40

Cartilage with a matrix of strong collagenous fibers.

Front 41

Gap Junction

Back 41

Region between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; it lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells.

Front 42

Gland

Back 42

Epithelial cell or group of epithelial cells that are specialized to secrete a substance.

Front 43

Hair Follicle

Back 43

Tubelike depression in the skin in which a hair develops.

Front 44

Homeostasis

Back 44

Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

Front 45

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 45

Cartilage whose cells lie in lacunae separated by a white translucent matrix containing very fine collagen fibers.

Front 46

Immune System

Back 46

All the cells and molecules in the body that protect the body against forein organisms and substances, and also against cancerous cells.

Front 47

Integumentary System

Back 47

Organ system consisting of skin and various organs, such as hair, that are found in skin.

Front 48

Intercalculated Disk

Back 48

Region that holds adjacent cardiac muscle cells together and appears as dense bands at right angles to the muscle striations.

Front 49

Lacuna

Back 49

Small pit or hollow cavity, as in bone or cartilage, where a cell or cells are located.

Front 50

Leukocyte

Back 50

White blood cells.

Front 51

Ligament

Back 51

Tough connective tissue that usually connects bone to bone.

Front 52

Localized

Back 52

Condition that affects only a limited area of the body.

Front 53

Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Back 53

Tissue composed mainly of fibroblasts widely separated by a matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Front 54

Lumen

Back 54

Tubular structure where substances go through.

Front 55

Lymphatic System

Back 55

Organ system consisting of lympthatic vessels and lymphoid organs; transports lympth and lipids, and aids the immune system.

Front 56

Malanocyte

Back 56

Specialized cell in the epidermis that produces melanin, the pigment responsible for skin colour.

Front 57

Matrix

Back 57

Unstructures semifluid substance that fills that space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles.

Front 58

Meninges

Back 58

Protective membranous coverings of the central nervous system.

Front 59

Microvillus

Back 59

Cylindrical process that extends from an epithelial cell of a villus of the intestinal wall and serves to increase the surface area of a cell.

Front 60

Mucous Membrane

Back 60

Membrane that lines a cavity or tube that opens to the outside of the body; also called mucosa.

Front 61

Muscular System

Back 61

System of muscles that produces both movement within the body and movement of its limbs; principal components are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Front 62

Muscular Tissue

Back 62

Type of tissue composed of fibers that can shorten and thicken.

Front 63

Myelin Sheath

Back 63

White, fatty material= derived from the membrane of Schwann cells- that forms a covering for nerve fibers.

Front 64

Myosin

Back 64

Muscle protein making up the thick filaments in a sarcomere; it pulls actin to shorten the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction.

Front 65

Negative Feedback

Back 65

Mechanism of homeostatic response by which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits that activity of the system.

Front 66

Nerve

Back 66

Bundle of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system.

Front 67

Nervous System

Back 67

Organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves that coordinates the other organ systems of the body.

Front 68

Nervous Tissue

Back 68

Tissue that contains nerve cells (neurons), which conduct impulses, and neuroglial cells, which support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons.

Front 69

Neuroglia

Back 69

Nonconducting nerve cells that are intimately associated with neurons and function in a supportive capacity.

Front 70

Neuron

Back 70

Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: a cell body, dentrites, and an axon.

Front 71

Oligodendrocytes

Back 71

Cells that form the myelin sheaths surrounding axons in the central nervous system.

Front 72

Organ Systems

Back 72

Group of related organs working together.

Front 73

Organ

Back 73

Conbination of two or more different tissues performing a common function.

Front 74

Pelvic Cavity

Back 74

The pelvic cavity contains the rectum, the urinary bladder, the internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine.

Front 75

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 75

Nerves and ganglia that lie outside the central nervous system.

Front 76

Physiology

Back 76

The study of bodily functions.

Front 77

Plasma

Back 77

Liquid portion of blood.

Front 78

Platelet

Back 78

Cell fragment that is necessary to blood clotting; also called a thrombocyte.

Front 79

Positive Feedback

Back 79

Mechanism of homeostastic responsein which the output intensifies and increases the likelihood of response instead of countering and canceling it.

Front 80

Red Blood Cell

Back 80

Formed element that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; often called an erythrocyte.

Front 81

Reproductive System

Back 81

Organ system that contains male or female organs and specializes in the production of offspring.

Front 82

Respiratory System

Back 82

Organ system consisting of the lungs and tubes that bring oxygen into the lungs and take carbon dioxide out.

Front 83

Reticular Connective Tissue

Back 83

Composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers; found in bone marrow and lympthoid organs, and in lesser amounts of elsewhere.

Front 84

Reticular Fiber

Back 84

Very thin collagen fibers in the matrix of connective tissue high ly branched and forming delicate supporting networks.

Front 85

Serous Membrane

Back 85

Membrane that covers internal organs and lines cavities without an opening to the outside of the body; also calls the serosa.

Front 86

Simple Epithelial Tissue

Back 86

Epithelial tissue that has only one layer.

Front 87

Skeletal Muscle

Back 87

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue that comprises skeletal muscles; also called striated muscle.

Front 88

Skeletal System

Back 88

System of bones, cartilage, and ligaments that works with the muscular system to protect the body and provide support for locomotion and movement.

Front 89

Skin

Back 89

Outer covering of the body; part of the integumentary system, which also includes organs such as the sense of organs.

Front 90

Smooth Muscle

Back 90

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of internal organs; also called visceral muscle.

Front 91

Spongy Bone

Back 91

Type of bone that has an irregular, meshlike arrangement of thin plates of bone; often contains red bone marrows.

Front 92

Squamous Epithelium

Back 92

Type of epithelial tissue that contains flat cells.

Front 93

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

Back 93

Epithelial tissue that has several layers.

Front 94

Striated

Back 94

Having bands; in cardiac and skeletal muscle, alternating light and dark crossbands produced by the distribution of contractile proteins.

Front 95

Subcutaneous Layer

Back 95

A sheet that lies just beneath the skin and consists of loose connective and adipose tissue.

Front 96

Sweat Gland

Back 96

Skin gland that secretes a fluid substance for evaporative cooling; also called a sudoriferous gland.

Front 97

Tendon

Back 97

Strap of fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal muscle to bone.

Front 98

Thoracic Cavity

Back 98

The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

Front 99

Thrombocyte

Back 99

Blood platelets.

Front 100

Tissue

Back 100

Group of similar cells that perform a common function.

Front 101

Ventral

Back 101

Toward the front.

Front 102

Vertebral Canal/ Cavity

Back 102

Formed by the vertabrae and containing the spinal cord.

Front 103

Tidbit: Epithelial Structure

Back 103

Epithelial tissue is classified according to the shape of the cell as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. These tightly packed protective cells can occur in one layer (simple epithelium) or in more than one layer (stratified epithelium). The cells lining a cavity can be ciliated or glandular.

Front 104

Tidbit: Connective Tissue

Back 104

Connective tissue differs according to the type of matrix. Some types of connective tissue, such as fibrous connective tissue, bind organs together. Others, such as cartilage and bone, support body parts.

Front 105

Tidbit: Blood

Back 105

Blood is a connective tissue in which the matrix is plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues; white blood cells fight infection. Platements, which are fragments of a very large cell, are involved in clotting.

Front 106

Tidbit: Muscular Tissue

Back 106

All muscular tissue contains actin filaments and myosin filaments, these form a striated pattern in skeletal and cardiac mscle, but not in smooth muscle.

Front 107

Tidbit: Nervous Tissue

Back 107

Nerve cells, called neurons, have processes called axons and dendrites. In general, neuroglia support and nourish neurons.

Front 108

Tidbit: Negative Feedback

Back 108

Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps an internal condition close to a set value. A sensor detects that some condition is too high or too low, and a control center responds to correct that condition.

Front 109

Tidbit: Positive Feedback

Back 109

In homeostatic systems of the body that use positive feedback, ever-increasing changes occur in the same direction. Such systems are normally only used where there is a definite cutoff or end point to a process, such as during childbirth.

Front 110

Tidbit: Organ System Functions

Back 110

Most organ systems of the body contribute to homeostasis. Four major functions of these systems are transport, maintenance, support, and control.