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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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compounds that lack a carbon
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inorganic compounds
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copounds that contain carbon
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organic compounds
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composed of atoms that are all the same
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element
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composed of molecules or ion pairs that are combos of at least 2 diff elements
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compound
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mass that enters into a reaction remains unchanged
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law of conservation of mass
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elements of a compound are present in fixed and precise proportion
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law of constant composition
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when elements combine they do so in a ratio of small whole numbers and if two elements form more than one compound between them then the ratios of the masses of the second element combined with a fixed mass of the first element will also be in ratios of small whole numbers.
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law of multiple proportions
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electronegativity and ionization pattern
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left to right and bottom to top showing increasing electronegativity
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sum of protons and neutrons
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mass
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atomic number
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number of protons
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varying number of neutrons in an element
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isotopes
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arrangement of electrons
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same # of electrons as protons, arranged in shells, and orbitals within shells
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valence electrons
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electrons in outermost orbital, groups have same # of valence electrons
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space where electron is found 90% of the time
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orbital
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electrostatic attraction between anions and cations formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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ioninc bonding
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sharing one or more electron pairs between two atoms. electron of one is attracted to the proton of the other
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covalent bonding
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atoms with more or fewer electrons, charged atoms
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ions
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positively charged atom that have fewer electrons in their covalent bonds than protons in all their collective nuclei.
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cation
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negatively charged atom that have more electrons in their covalent bonds than they do protons in all their collective nuclei.
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anion
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atoms with more or fewer electrons, charged atoms
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ions
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positively charged atom
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cation
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negatively charged atom
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anion
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2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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molecule
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sharing of one pair of electrons
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single bond
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sharing of 2 pair of electrons
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double bond
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lewis structure
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element with dots showing valence electrons
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A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
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electronegativity
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2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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molecule
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sharing of one pair of electrons
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single bond
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sharing of 2 pair of electrons
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double bond
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lewis structure
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element with dots showing valence electrons
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A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
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electronegativity
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nonpolar covalent bond
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share electrons equally
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polar covalent bond
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atoms have differing electronegativities
Share the electrons unequally |
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formula/molecular weight
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sum of the atomic weight of the constituent atoms of the formula.
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what weight of a certain ion or molecule has the same number of ions or molecules as a given weight of another ion or molecule.
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a mole
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avagadro's #
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One mole = 6.022 x 1023 things (molecules)
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mass in grams numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element in grams
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molar mass
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how many ions or molecules of reactants are present in a given volume of solution.
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molarity
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mixtures in which the solvent(water) and solute are intimately associated as molecules or ions
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aqueous solution
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Substances that are easily soluble in water, usually charged/polar
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hydrophilic
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Substances that are poorly soluble in water, usually uncharged/nonpolar
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hydrophobic
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liquid that dissolve in water
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miscible
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liquids that don't dissolve in water
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immiscible
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property that enables substances to become evenly distributed in a solution.
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diffusion
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diffusion that occurs across a semi-permeable membrane
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osmosis
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reaction that supplies energy
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exothermic
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reaction that requires energy
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endothermic
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catalyst
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speed up reactions by lowering activation energy, usually enzymes
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Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction
in the responding system. |
Le Chatlier's principle
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Acid=H+ or H3O+ producer in water
Base=OH- producer in water |
Arrhenius
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Acid= proton donor
Base= proton acceptor |
Bronsted Lowery
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Acid=electron pair acceptor
Base= electron pair donor |
Lewis
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neutralization reaction
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chemical reaction between an acid and a base that yields a salt and water.
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strong acids
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dissociate completely into ions in water
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weak acids
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dissociate slightly into ions in water
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pH
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scale used to express H+ ion concentration in water
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polyprotic acid
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more than 1 H+ and can ionize more than once(carbonic acid)
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buffer solution
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one that maintains a constant pH in spite of addition of a lot of acid or base. (carbonic acid)
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HA + B --> A- + HB+
pH = pKa + log(A-)/(HA) |
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
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concentration system similar to molarity, but instead of being based on the number of molecules, it is based on the neutralization potential of an acid or base.
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Normality
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the number of grams of an acid or base that react with one liter of a 1N solution of another acid or base.
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Equivalent weights
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nuclei that are unstable and emit energy in the form of particles (α or β particles or a positron) or electromagnetic waves (γ rays).
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Radioactive isotopes
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2 protons and 2 neutrons (a helium nucleus) emitted as a group.
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alpha particle(α)
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an electron that comes from the nucleus.
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Beta particle(β)
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high energy electromagnetic wave, of higher energy than X-rays.
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Gamma ray(γ)
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particle the size of an electron but with a positive charge.
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positron
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