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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did English get to Australia? |
English got to Australia and NZ for that matter through the British empire. The British Empire discovered and colonized Australia in the 18th and 19th century. Most Australians and New Zealanders are descendant from these colonists. They brough their particular form of English with them. Most of them came from the Southern UK. |
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What is Australian and NZ English like? |
They are closer to British Standards than American is, due to later settlement. They are non-rhotic, and mae use of linking and intrusive /r/s VOCABULARY: The vocabulary is much more informal. It contains a lot of shortened phrases, like Preggers instead of pregant. Avo instead of avacado, etc. |
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What is the Southern Hemisphere Chain shift? |
This is a shift in vowel sounds that has occured in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes, mainly Australian, NZ, and South African. What that means is that there's a long chain of vowel sound changes. Pet becomes Pit, Pit becomes Peat, Peat becomes Pait |
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What are the differences between NZ English and Australian Engli?sh |
NZ - Fush and Chups. Aus - Feesh and cheeps There is a different vowel sound here. Near and square gets the same vowel sound, which way it goes depends on where (NZ or AUS) |
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How did English come to the Caribbean and who speaks it? |
The UK also colonized much of the Caribbean, but it did not settle it very much. West African slave descendants now make up the majority of the population in the Caribbean and this has had an impact on the English language that remained there because they brought their West African languages with them. English is used in administration and higher positions, but vernacular creoles are used more in every day life. |
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What characterises caribbean forms of English? |
Th-stopping. THESE becomes DESE. Th sounds are largely absent. Monophtongs replace many diphtongs GOAT and FACE are pronounced with monophtongs instead of diphtongs which it largely has in standard forms. STRESS SHIFT: There is a shift in stress in many caribbean forms of English. Nation becomes NEH-SHÅN. You see how that works? You can also call this lack of VOWEL REDUCTION. Fewer vowels are downplayed like in the example above. |
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What is the status of English in Africa? |
English is within the Inner circle in South Africa, but in the rest of Africa it is in the outer circle. It is a remnant from colonial Britain, and is used as a lingua France in many African nations, as Africa is a part of the world in which the countries have dozens of dozens of languages and they often find themselves in need of common ground. |
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What characterizes English in South Africa? |
English is spoken as a first language by about 10% of the South African population, but also here it is used as a lingua Franca as South Africa has a total of 11 official languages and English seems to be the only one which is in a position to be understood by all the groups. SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH Similar to Australian and Nz, with more Afrikaans and some Zulu influence. Non-rhotic Frequent use of Scwa in places os [i] |
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What are the Englishes in the rest of Africa like? |
You have 3 divisions. West African English (nigeria, gambia, sierra leone), East African English (kenya, tanzania, uganda) and Southern African English (zimbabwe, zambia, botswana) It is the language of the former colonial masters, which is considered bad, but it is also HIGHLY convenient as a Lingua Franca in these countries. TRAITS: Much like caribbean English these varieties tend to NOT vowel reduce, TH-stopping is common and CODA redection, meaning one would say MOS instead of MOST. |
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English also exists to a large degree in the Indian Sub continent. How did this come to be? |
The English first started trading in India, and then they began making alliances and colonizing. An English speaking indian middle class arises, to worj with Administration of the British Raj. Independence in 1947. It is also here a very practical language, but viewed as the language of the former colonial masters. HINDI is another lingua Franca in the indian subcontinent. 12% report English as a first, second, or third language. Most of them are second language speakers. SOME knowledge of English is very common in India. |
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What are the traits of English varieties in the Indian sub-continent? |
It is HIGHLY monophtongal. Diphtongs are very uncommon in the Indian varities. /v/ and /w/ become the same noise. It merges. TH-stopping. These->Dese. |
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What is RETROFLEX T and D |
It is a trait that we see in the indian subcontinent. It means that the T and D sound end up sounding like the end of BORT in norwegian. Imagine an indian speaking and you will know what this is |
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What sort of words have entered English from India? |
Bungalow, Thug, Guru, Nirvana. A lot of words actually entered English from India. |
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What are Pidgins? |
A Pidgin is a language that occurs when two languages need to "cooperate" and a small working language invented for the cooperation of two language groups are put into place. Examples of these: Slaves in the Caribbean had to find some common communication, and made up pidgins. Russians and Norwegians near the border, trade occured but the languages were vastly different so here too a pidgin arose. They have no real grammar and their use is highly restricted. |
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What is a Creole? |
When children are exposed to a pidgin and they get accustomed to it. In this way, it gets grammaticalized and becomes a language in IT'S OWN RIGHT. |
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What is a lexifier and a substrate? |
A lexifier is a dominant language in a Creole sitaution while a Substrate is the subordinate. The words tend to be of the Lexifier But the pronounciation and grammar tends to be of the substrate. Jamaican Patois is an example of this. The words are English, but the pronounciation and grammar is largely West African like. |
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What stages does the creolization process entail? |
1. Speakers of different languages form a Pidgin 2. Pidgin dies out or remains a pidgin if there are no new generation to take it on. 3. Children are born and learn the pidgin and converts it to a Creole. 4. Lexifier might leave, and the creole is then an entirely new language 4b Lexifier does not leave and they coexist. 5. If they coexist, it can lead to Decreolization |
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What does Acrolect, Mesolect and Basilect mean? |
These terms are used only in the CREOLE CONTINUUM to describe which stage a creole is at. The acrolect is the form of the creole which is most like the lexifier. The mesolect is the form which is right in the middle. The basilect is the form which is closest to the substrate language. |
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What does decreolization mean? |
If the lexifier and the creole exists together, the creole might simply be viewed as a substandard form of the lexifier. Jamaican can for example simply be viewed as bad English, and not it's own language. |
