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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 first line factors
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1) skin (mechanical)
2) Skin (chemical) 3) Mucous Membranes (Mechanical) 4) Mucous Membranes (Chemical) |
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How does skin act in a mechanical way as a first line factor?
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Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells
Keratin is a protective protein for the outter layer of skin |
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How does skin act in a chemical way as a first line factor?
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Sebum (fatty acid) (protective film and inhibits growth) low pH (3-5) of skin
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How does the Mucous Membrane act in a mechanical way as a first line factor?
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CIliary escalator: microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs
lacrimal apparaturs: washes eye Saliva: washes microbes off Urine and vaginal secretions: flows out |
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How does Mucous Membrane act in a chemical way as a first line factor?
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Lysozyme perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice destroy most facteria and toxins |
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What is microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion?
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Change chemistry of environment and compete with pathogens for space
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What do Erythrocytes do?
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form red blood cells
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What do Leukocytes do?
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form white blood cells
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What are the three types of Granulocytes
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1) Neutrophils
2) Basophils 3) Eosinophils |
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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they are phagocytic
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What is the function of basophils?
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They cause histamine and allergic reactions
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What is the function of Eosinophils?
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They cause extracellular killing of parasites
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What are the three types of Agranulocytes?
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1) Monocytes
2) Macrophages 3) Lymphocytes |
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What is the function of Monocytes?
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They are present in blood and phagocytic
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What is the function of Macrophages?
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They are fixed in lungs, liver, and bronchi
They roam tissues |
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What is the function of Lymphocytes?
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They are involved in specific immunity
B lumphocytes T lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells (non-B non-T cells) these have non specific resistance |
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How does the Lymphatic System Work?
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As blood passes through capillarys some leaks out-((% is picked up by veinuls and 1% is picked up by the lymph which flows through the lymphnodes which monitor infectious agents-this is how you get an immune response
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What is your primary lymphatic organ?
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Bone marrow
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Ingestion of Microbes or particles by a cell is preformed by what?
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Phagocytes
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Macrophages cause inflammation by what?
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TNF-a
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Macrophages cause a fever by what?
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IL-1
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What is the result with neutrophiles influx as a result of inflammation?
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It destroys all bacteria
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How do phagocutes attach to bacteria?
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Most bacteria have the sugar mannose on their surface which phagocutes have receptors for
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What are the four characteristic signs of inflammation?
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Redness
Pain Heat Swelling (edema) |
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Macrophages release the inflammatory mediatory TNF-a which causes what 4 things?
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1) Vasodilation
2) Increases capillary permeability 3)Margination of Neutrophiles 4) Diapedesis |
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Durring a Fever the hypothalamus is normally set at what?
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37 degress celcious
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Durring a Fever gram negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release what?
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Interlukin 1
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Durring a Fever Hypothalamus releases _____ that restes the hypothalamus to a _____ temp.
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prostagladins
high |
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Durring a Fever Body increases rate of _____ and ____ tp raose temperature
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Metabolism
Shivering |
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Durring a Fever what happens to bacterial generation time?
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Increases
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In a fever what happens to virus replication time?
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It increases
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In a Complement Cascade C3B causes what? Which does what?
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Opsonization-Enchancement of phagocytosis by coating with C3B
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In a complement Cascade C5B, C6, C7, and C8 cause what? Which does what?
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Cytolysis-Bursting of microbe due to inflow of extracellular fluid through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex
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In a Complement Cascard C3a and C5a cause what? Which does What?
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Inflamation-increased blood vessels permeability and chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
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How does C5a function as a Chemotaxis?
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It attracts neutrophils and macrophages and brings them to the infection
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How do Gram Negatives active the cascade effect?
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Through alternative pathway LPS (lipopolysaccharide) on the cell wall of gram neg bacteria outer membranes
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How do Gram Postiive Bacteria active the cascade effect?
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Through a lectin Pathway Mannos on cell wall of gram positive bacteria
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What are Natural Killer Cells?
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They are Non B and Non T lymphocytes
Recognize Virus -Infected and Cancer Cells Reduced MHC I molecules on surface Causecells to undergo lysis They have a non specific recognition |
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What is a Eosinophile?
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They are extracellular Killing of large Parasites
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A-interferon and B-interferon are cell coded what?
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proteins
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A-IFN and B-IFN are produced by what?
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Virus infected cells with RNA viruses
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A-IFN and B-IFN cause neighboring uninfected cells to produces what? that Inhibits what?
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Antiviral proteins
Viral Replication |
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The function of oligoadenylate synthetase is to?
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Destory viral mRNA
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The function of Protein Kinase is to?
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Inhibit translation of viral mRNA
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The function of Y-IFN is to?
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Cauises neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose bacteria
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Step1 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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Viral RNA from infecting virus enters the cell
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Step 2 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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The infecting virus replicates into new viruses
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Step 3 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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The infecting virus also induces the host cell to produce interferon mRNA, which is translated into alpha and beta interferons
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Step 4 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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Interferons released by the virus-infected host cell bind to plasma membrane or nuclear memberane receptors on uninfected neighboring host cells, inducing them to synthesize antiviral proteins. These include oligoadenylate sunthetase and protein kinase
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Step 5 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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New viruses released by the virus infected host cell infect neighboring host cells
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Step 6 in the Anticiral Action of Alpha and Beta Interferon
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AVPs degrade viral; mRNA and inhibit protein synthesis and thus interfere with viral replication
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The function of the antibody opsonin is to what?
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Enhance phagocytosis
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