Innate Immunity Chapter 2

Front 1

Timing of Immune Response

Back 1

1. Infection begins at portal of entry
2. Innate immune response begins immediately
3. The immediate responses stimulate the early induced responses.
4. If these responses are ineffective at controlling the infection... then... the adaptive immune response is induced

Front 2

Steps in a Generic Infection

Back 2

1. Entry
2. Attachment
3. Colonization of Local Tissues
4. Invasion and Spread

Front 3

3 Roles that inflammation plays in combating infection

Back 3

1. Delivers additional effector molecules to the site of infection.
2. Provides a physical barrier to prevent spread of the infection.
3. Promotes the repair of injured tissue.

Front 4

What makes one organism a pathogen and another innoccous?

Back 4

Their ability to overcome innate immune defenses.
- Capsule
- Facultative intracellular parasites.

Front 5

Chemokines

Back 5

Chemotatic cytokines, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-a

- Are messengers that direct the flow of leukocyte traffic: they differ in type of cell or tissue that makes them and in the type of cell they attract.

Front 6

Natural Killer Lymphocytes

Back 6

- enter inffected sites soon after infection.
- NK cells are lymphocytes of innate immunity that specialize in defense against viral infections.

Front 7

Neutrophil

Back 7

- short-lived dedicated killers that circulate in the blood awaiting a call from a macrophage to enter infected tissues.

- Phagocytic cells that are the most numerous and most important cellular comonent of the innate IR.
- Important in bacterial infections.

Front 8

Macrophages

Back 8

- long lived: reside in the tissues, work from the very beginning of infection, raise the alarm, and have functions other than phagocytosis.

- "Big Eaters"
- has the ability to present Ag to t-cells (Antigen presenting cell)
- important in defense against bacterial infections.

Front 9

Complement

Back 9

a system of plasma proteins that activates a cascade of proteolytic reactions that result in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, more efficient phagocytosis, and lysis of bacteria.

- augments or complements the opsonization of bacteria by Ab.
- Complement interacts with pathogens to mark them for destruction.

Front 10

3 pathways of complement activation

Back 10

1. Mannan-binding lectin pathway
2. Alternative pathway
3. Classical pathway

Front 11

MB-lectin Pathway Activation

Back 11

- Acts second
- Before antibody (adaptive) response
- begins with C4 activation
- No Ab available

Front 12

Alternative Pathway Activation

Back 12

- Acts first
- Before antibody (adaptive) response
- Begins with spontaneous activation of complement C3, C3b bind to pathogen surface.
- No Ab available

Front 13

Classical pathway activation

Back 13

- Acts third
- After antibody (adaptive) response
- Ab (IgM or IgG) bound to Ag. C1 binds to constant region of Ab.

Front 14

Frontline Defense Systems

Back 14

1. Mechanical = epithelial cells, movement of mucus by cilia
2. chemical = fatty acids, enzymes, pH, defensins
3. Microbiological = normal flora

Front 15

How do leukocytes interact with the endothelium?

Back 15

1. Rolling
2. Activation
3. Adheasion
4. Transendothelial Migration

Front 16

Interferon

Back 16

proteins that interfere with the viral replication in uninfected cells and signals neighboring uninfected cells to prepare to resist a viral infection.