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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Injectable anesthetics produce |
Unconsciousness |
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Injectable anesthetics DONT provide |
Analgesia or muscle relaxation |
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What are the two barbiturates? |
Thiopental sodium Pentobarbital |
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Thiopental |
Ultrashort acting 5-30 minutes Schedule III Dogs, cats, horses Induce general anesthesia ALWAYS NEED TO BREATHE FOR THEM completely recovery in 1-2 hours Old school not common |
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Pentobarbital |
Short acting 45 minutes-1.5 hours Euthanasia solution but can be used in lab animal Extremely narrow margin of safety |
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Thiopental Adverse Effects |
Cardiac depression and arrhythmias Resp. depression and decrease tidal volume Crosses placenta & Laryngospasms Incomplete muscle relaxation! Not used in sighthounds MUST BE GIVEN I.V. |
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Propofol |
Ultra short acting, nonbarbiturate anesthetic I.V. for induction & short term maintenance Small animals, small ruminants, exotics, & neonates Back up for valium tx for status epilepticus |
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Propofol appearance, concentration, and duration |
Milky minimally water soluble 10mg/ml solution Onset 30-60 seconds, duration 5-10 minutes Complete recovery in 20 minutes for dogs and 30 minutes for cats |
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Other uses of propofol |
Muscle relaxation Appetite stimulant low doses Antiemetic Safe for liver and kidneys disease patients Decrease intraocular and intracranial pressure |
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Propofol Adverse Effects |
CNS Paddling, muscle twitching, nystagmus, opisthotonus Respiratory Depressant with possible apnea Misc. Pain with I.V. injection (not a vessicant) Highly protein bound Prolonged recovery in sighthounds |
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Propofol recovery |
20 minutes dogs 30 minutes cats |
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Propofol handling and storage |
Support bacterial growth Discard unused drug within 6 hours of opening |
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What did they add to 28 day Propofol? What does it do? |
Added benzylalcohol Combats bacterial growth |
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What are the two Dissociatives? |
Ketamine Telazol |
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What is different about dissociatives? |
They cause CNS stimulation |
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What schedule is Ketamine? |
Schedule III |
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What two things make up Telazol? |
Tiletamine hydrochloride and Zolazepam |
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What schedule is Telazol? |
Schedule III |
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Uses of dissociatives? |
Administration IM or I.V. Wide margin of safety Cats and horses NO EFFECT REVERSAL AGENT |
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What is cataleptoid state? |
Patient will not respond to external stimulation, muscles are rigid, and limbs tend to remain in same position you put them in Appears awake but immobile and unaware of surroundings |
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Dissociative CNS effects |
Intact reflexes: Palpebral, pedal, PLR, laryngeal, swallowing Eyes remain open, central dilated pupil |
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Somatic Analgesia |
Pain relief to the skin and limbs |
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Visceral Analegsia |
Pain relief to the vital organs |
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The value of eye position measurement in assessing anesthetic depth is diminished using what drug? |
Ketamine |
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Dissociative Adverse Effects CNS |
Avoid in animals with seizure disorders Response to sensory stimulants (light and sound) |
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Dissociative Adverse Effects Cardiovascular System |
Decrease strength of the heart muscles |
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High doses of dissociatives can result in... |
Respiratory depression Respiratory arrest Significantly increased salivation and respiratory tract secretions |
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Onset for oral Ketamine in cats |
5-10 minutes |
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Ketamine is approved for use in |
Cats and subhuman primates |
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Ketamine is used also in |
Dogs birds horses and exotics |
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Ketamine peak action and duration |
1-2 minutes after I.V. injection 10 minutes after IM injection Duration 20-30 minutes |
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Ketamine elimination |
Hepatic metabolism in dogs Renal metabolism in cats |
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Benefit of Telazol |
Can be given SC Wildlife because dart guns Decreases apneustic respiratory response |
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Telazol is metabolized by _____ and excreted by ____ |
Liver Kidneys |
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Etomidate |
Not commonly used Great for patients who had brain or spinal cord trauma or patients going under brain or spine surgery |
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Etomidate Effects on CNS |
Decreased brain oxygen consumption Brain perfusion maintained Anticonvulsant |
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Inhalation anesthetic administration |
Mask Induction chamber Endotracheal tube |
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What two inhalation anesthetics are most commonly used? |
Isoflurane Sevoflurane |
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What is the carrier gas most commonly used? |
Oxygen |
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Where are sevo and iso stored? |
In the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine |
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During _____ vaporizer settings are the highest |
Induction |
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Liquid anesthetic is vaporized and mixed with oxygen gas and is called... |
Fresh gas |
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How does the mixture of fresh gas travel? |
Breath, lungs, alveoli, bloodstream |
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How is anesthetic gas eliminated? |
Bloodstream, alveoli, lungs, breath. |
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What are halogenated organic compounds? |
Another name for sevo and iso |
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Inhalation anesthetics effects |
Hypothermia will prolong recovery Increased intracranial pressure (head trauma or brain tumors) Considered safe for epileptics Decreased blood pressure and renal blood flow Hypoventilation CO2 retention and resp acidosis |
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What are the four important properties to consider of inhalation anesthetics? |
Vapor pressure Partition coefficient Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) Rubber solubility |
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Vapor pressure |
Determine how readily an inhalation anesthetic will evaporate in the anesthetic machine vaporizer Measure at room temp (68°F or 20°C) |
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Blood : Gas Partition Coefficient |
Indication of the speed of induction and recovery for an inhalation anesthetic agent |
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Does sevo and iso have low or high blood : gas partition coefficient? |
Low Sevo is the lowest (best for mask and tank) With low there is a faster expected induction and recovery |
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Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) |
The measure of the potency of a drug -used to determine the average setting on the vaporizer that will produce surgical anesthesia The lower the MAC, the more potent the anesthetic agent and the lower the vaporizer setting |
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Isoflurane |
Most commonly used inhalant agent in north America ALWAYS PURPLE Cheap and older than sevo Rapid induction and recovery Maintenance 1.5% - 2.5% in most animals Low rubber solubility |
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Iso Effects |
Fewest cardiovascular system effects Maintains cardiac output, heart rate, and rhythm Depresses the respiratory system Almost completely eliminated through the lungs Can be used with higher risk patients Adequate to good muscle relaxation Little or no analgesia after anesthesia |
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Sevo |
Always YELLOW Better than iso but more expensive High controllability of depth of anesthesia Less potent than iso Maintenance 2% - 4.5% Great for equine patients |
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Sevo Effects |
Minimal cardiovascular depression Depresses respiratory system Eliminated by lungs, minimal hepatic metabolism Muscle relaxation Some paddling and excitement during recovery |
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Propofol concentration |
10mg/ml solution |
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Propofol onset, duration, and recovery times |
Onset 30-60 seconds Duration 5-10 minutes Recovery dogs: 20 minutes Recovery cats: 30 minutes |
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Propofol other uses |
Muscle relaxation Safe for liver or kidney dz patients Appetite stimulant Antiemetic Decrease intraocular and intracranial pressure |
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Propofol adverse effects |
Paddling, muscle twitching, nystagmus, opisthotonus DEPRESSANT WITH POSSIBLE APNEA pain with iv injection Don't give to low protein animals! Prolonged recovery sighthounds |
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What is added to 28 day Propofol and what does it do? |
Benzylalcohol Combats the growth of bacteria |
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Dissociative cause... |
CNS STIMULATION |
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What are the two dissociatives and what schedule are they? |
Ketamine CIII Telazol CIII |
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What two things make telazol? |
Tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam |
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Do dissociatives have a wide margin of safety? |
Yes |
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Is there an effective reversal agent for dissociatives? |
No |
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Dissociative effects on CNS |
Cataleptoid state Intact reflexes: palpebral, pedal, PLR, laryngeal, swallow Eyes remain open |
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Somatic analgesia |
Pain relief to skin and limbs |
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Visceral analgesia |
Pain relief to vital organs |
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Cataleptoid state |
Appears awake but immobile and unaware of surroundings |
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Dissociative adverse effects on CNS |
Avoid in animals with seizure disorders Sensitive to light and sound |
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Dissociative adverse effects cardiovascular |
Decresed strength of heart muscles Increase heart rate Increase cardiac output Arrhythmias |
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High doses of dissociative can result in what respiratory problems? |
Respiratory depression Respiratory arrest Significantly increased salivation and respiratory tract secretions |
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Ketamine |
Dissociative Rapid onset of action Administered IV IM or orally |
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Ketamine elimination |
Hepatic metabolism for dogs Renal metabolism for cats |
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Advantages of telazol over ketamine |
Can be given SC Decreases apneustic respiratory response Can be used in wildlife |
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Etomidate |
Great for patients who had brain/spine trauma or patients undergoing brain/spine surgery |
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Etomidate effects on CNS |
Decreased brain oxygen consumption Brain perfusion maintained Anticonvulsant |
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What are the three methods of inhalation anesthetics? |
Mask Chamber Endotracheal tube |
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What are the two inhalation anesthetics? |
Isoflurane Sevoflurane |
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During ______ vaporizer settings are the highest. |
Induction |
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What is the carrier gas most often used? |
Oxygen |
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What is fresh gas? |
Liquid anesthetics that are vaporized and mixed with oxygen gas |
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How are inhalation anesthetics received? |
Breath, lungs, alveoli, diffuse into the bloodstream |
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How are inhalation anesthetics eliminated? |
Bloodstream, alveoli, lungs, breath |
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Adverse effects of inhalation anesthetics |
Hypothermia which will prolong recovery Considered safe of epileptic patients Hypoventilation CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis |
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What are the four important properties to consider for inhalation anesthetics? |
Vapor pressure Partition coefficient Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) Rubber solubility |
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Vapor pressure |
Determines how readily an inhalation anesthetics will evaporate in the anesthetic machine vaporizer Measured at room temp 68°F or 20°C |
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Iso and sevo have _____ vapor pressures. |
High Must use specific precision vaporizer |
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Blood : Gas Partition Coefficient |
Indication of the speed of induction and recovery for an inhalation anesthetic agent |
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Which inhalation anesthetic has the lowest blood : gas partition coefficient? |
Sevo Makes it the best for mask and tank induction |
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Low blood : gas partition coefficient |
Faster expected induction and recovery |
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Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) |
The measure of the potency of a drug Used to determine the average setting on the vaporizer that will produce surgical anesthesia |
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The _____ the MAC, the ____ potent the anesthetic agent and the ____ the vaporizer setting. |
Lower More Lower |
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Isoflurane |
ALWAYS PURPLE maintenance: 1.5% - 2.5% in most animals Rapid induction and recovery Low rubber solubility Stable at room temp no preservatives needed |
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You can use _____ (inhalation anesthetic) for higher risk patients because it's safe. |
Isoflurane |
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Does isoflurane provide analgesia? |
Little to none |
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Sevoflurane |
ALWAYS YELLOW best for induction with mask and tank High controllability of depth of anesthesia Maintenance: 2% - 4.5% Less potent than iso More rapid induction and recovery |
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Effects of Sevoflurane |
Eliminated by lungs, minimal hepatic metabolism Some paddling and excitement for recovery |
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Isoflurane is almost completely eliminated through the ____. |
Lungs |
