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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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TPS
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Process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization
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Batch Processing
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Medhod of comoputerized processing in qhich business transactions are accumulated over a period of time and prepared for processing as a single unit or batch
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Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
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Computerized processing in which each transaction is processed immediately, without the delay of accumulating transactions into a batch
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*Objectives of a TPS*
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Process data generated by and about transactions; Maintain a high degree of accuracy and integrity; Produce timely documents and reports; Increase labor efficiency; Provide increased service; Build and maintain customer loyalty; Attain competitive advantage
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Transaction Processing Activities
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Data collection > data editing > data correction > data manipulation > data storage > document production
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Data Collection
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The process of capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete transactions
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Data Editing
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The process of checking data for validity and completeness
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Data Correction
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The process of reentering miskeyed or misscanned data that was found during data editing
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Data Manipulation
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The process of performing calculations and other data transformations related to business transactions
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Data Storage
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The process of updating one or more databases with new transactions
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Business Continuity Planning
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Identificatino of the business process that must be restored firest in the event of a disaster and specification of what actions should be taken and who should take them to restore operations
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Disaster Recovery
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Actions that must be take to resorte computer operations and services in the event of a disaster
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Order Processing Systems
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Sems that process order entry, sales configuration, shipment planning, shipment execution, inventor control, invoicing, customer relationship management, and routing and scheduling
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Order Entry System
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Process that captures the basic data needed to process a customer order (EDI)
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Sales Configuration System
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Process that ensures that the products and services ordered are sufficient to accomplish the customer's objectives and will work well together
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Shipment Planning System
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System that determines which open orders wil be filled and from which location they will be shipped
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Shipment Execution System
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System that coordinates the outflow of all products from the organization, with the objective of delivering quality products on time to customers
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Inventory-Control System
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System that updates the computerized inventory records to reflect the exact quantity on had of each stock-keeping unit
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Invoicing
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Encourages follow-up on existing sales activities, increases profitabilty, and improves customer service; may automatically compute discounts, applicable taxes, and other charges
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System
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System that helps a company manage all aspects of customer encounters, including marketing and advertising, sales, customer service after the sale, and programs to retain loyal customers
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Purchasing Transaction Processing Systems
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Systems that included inventory control, purchase order processing, receiving, and accounts payable
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Purchase Order Processing System
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System that helps purchasing departments complete their transactions quickly and efficiently
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Receiving System
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System that creates a record of expected receipts
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Accounts Payable System
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System that increases an organization's control over purchasing, imporves cash flow, increases profitability, and provides more effective management of current liabilities
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Accounting Systems
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Systmes that include budget, accoutns receivable, payroll, asset management, and general ledger
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Budget Transaction Processing System
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System that automates many of the taskes required to amass budget data, istribute it to users, and consolidate the prapared budgets
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Accounts Receivable System
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System that manages the cash flow of the company by keeping track of the money owed the company on charges for goods sold and services performed
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Payroll Journal
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A report that contains employees' names, the area where employees worked during the week, hours worked, the pay rate, a premium factor for OT pay, earnings + type,
deductions, and net pay |
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General Ledger System
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System designed to automate financial reporting and data entry
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International Issues Faced
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Language, varying laws and customs, multiple currencies
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ERP
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Disadvantages: costly, risky; difficult to implement change; difficult to integrate with other systems
Advantages: improvement of work processes; increase in access to data for decision making; upgrade of technology infrastructure |
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ERP
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Enables real-time monitoring of business functions=timely analysis of key issues such as quality, availability, customer satisfaction, performance, profitability
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Decision Making Process
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The first part of problem solving, including three stages: intelligence, design, and choice
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5 Stages to Problem Solving Model
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Intelligence, Design, Choice, Implementation, Monitoring
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Intelligence Stage
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The first stage of decision making, in which potential problems or opportunities are identified and defined
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Design Stage
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The second stage of decision making, in qhich alternative solutions to the problem are developed
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Choice Stage
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The third stage of decision making, which requires selecting a course of action
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Problem Solving
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A process that goes beyond decision making to include the implementation stage
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Implementation Stage
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A stage of problem solving in which a solution is put into effect
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Monitoring Stage
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Final stage of the problem-solving process, in which decision makers evaluate the implementation
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Programmed Decision
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Decision made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative method
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Nonprogrammed Decision
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Decision that deals with unusual or exeptional situations
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Optimaization Model
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A process to find the best solution, usually the one that will best help the organization meet its goals
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Satisficing Model
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A model that iwll find a good, but not necessarily the best, problem solution
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Heuristics
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Commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution
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Scheduled Report
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Report produced periodically, or on a schedule, such as daily, weekly, or monthly
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Key-Indicator Report
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Summary of the previous day's critical activities; typically available at the beginning of each workday
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Demand Report
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Report developed to give certain information at someone's request
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Exception Report
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Report automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action
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Drill-Down Report
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Report providing increasingly detailed data about a situation
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MIS
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Give companies an other organization a competitive advantage by providing the right information to the right pepole in the right format and at the right time
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Geographic Information system
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A computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic information- data identified according to its location
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Decision support Systems
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Handles large amounts of data from different sources; provide report and presentation flexibiilty; offer both textual and graphical orientation; support drill-down analysis; perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advanced software; support optimization, satisficing, and heuristic approaches
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What-if Analysis
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The process of amking hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results
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Goal-Seeking Analysis
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The process of determining the problem data required for a given result
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Simulation
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The ability of the DSS to duplicate the features of a real system
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Executive Support System (ESS)
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Specialized DSS that includes all hardware, software, data, procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives within the organization
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ESS Characteristics
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Tailored to individual executives; easy to use; drill-down abilities; support need for external data; can help with situation that have high degree of uncertainty; have future orientation; linked with value-added vusiness processes
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ESS Capabilities
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Support for defining overall vision; support for strategic planning; support for strategic organizing and staffing; support for strategic control and crisis management
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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The ability of computers to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
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AI systems
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People, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence
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Intelligent Behavior
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The ability to learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from experience
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Nature of Intelligence
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Learn from experience and apply knowledge; Handle complex situations; Solve problems when info is missing; Determining what is important; React quickly and correrctly to a new situation; Understand visual images; Process and minpulate symbols; Creative and imaginative; Use heuristics (rule of thumb from expereience)
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Expert System
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Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inference similar to a human expert
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Robotics
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Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks requiring a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for humans
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Vision Systems
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The hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
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Natural Language Processing
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Processing that allows the computer to underatnd and react to stagements and commandes made in a "natural" language, such as English
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Genetic Algorithm
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An approach to solving large complex problems
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Intelligent Agent
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Consists of programs and a knowledge base used to perfrom a specific task
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Characteristics an Expert System
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Can explain their reasoning/suggested decisions; dispaly 'intelligent' behavior; draw conclusions from complex relationships; provide portable knowledge; deal with uncertainty
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Expert Systems Limitations
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Not widely used/tested; difficult to use; limited to relatively narrow problems; cannot readily deal with 'mixed' knowldege; possibility of error; cannot refine its knowledge; difficult to maintain; high development costs; raise legal and ethical concerns
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Knowledge Base
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A component of an expert system that stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system
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Fuzzy Logic
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A special research area in computer science that allows shades of gray- not all blk/wht
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Rule
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A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes
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Inference Engine
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Part of the expert system that seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions the way a human expert would
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Backward Chaining
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The process of starting with conclusinos and working backward to the supporting facts
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Forward Chaining
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The process of starting with the facts and working forward to the conclusions
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Comparison between backward and forward chaining
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Forward Chaining: can reach conclusions and yield more information with fewere queries to the user than backward chaining; but requires more processing and greater degree of sophistication; Forward chaining is often used by more expensive expert systems
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Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Part of the expert system that provided convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowlege base
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Domain
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The area of knowledge addressed by the expert system
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Domain Expert
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The individual or group who has the expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the expert system
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Knowldge Engineer
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An individual who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system
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Knowledge User
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The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system
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Virtual Reality System
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A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
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CAVE
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Developed for immersive viewing of virtual environments to overcome the often uncomfortable intrusiveness of a head-mounted display; provides the illusion of immersion by projecting stereo images on the alls and floor a a room-sized cube; head tracking system
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Head Mounted Disply
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Contains a position tracker to monitor the location of the user's head and the direction in whcih the user is looking; matches the direction that the user is looking and displays these images on the HMD
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Uses of Virtual Reality
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Medicine- surgeons; Education and Training- military, aircraft maintenance; Real Estate Marketing and Tourism- virtual tours; Entertainment- movies
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Radio Frequency Identification
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Tags that contain small chips with information about products or packages can be quickly scanned to perform inventory control or trace a package as it moves from a supplier to a company to its customers; reduce costs, improve customer service, attains competitive advantage
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