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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Knowledge Worker
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Professionals who are relatively well educated and who create, modify, and/or synthesize knowledge as a fundamental part of their jobs (professors, students...)
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Knowledge Society
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Education is the cornerstone of a knowledge society. Possessing knowledge is just as important as possessing land, labor, or capital.Having a college degree qualifies you for high paying jobs in this type of society.
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Digital Divide
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Those with access to information technology have great advantages over people who do not
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Globalization
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Integration of economies throughout the world, enabled by technological progress
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Information Systems
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Combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create and distribute useful data
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Hardware
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Physical computer equipment, such as the computer monitor, central processing unit, or keyboard
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Software
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A program or set of programs that tell the computer to perform certain processing functions
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Telecommunications Networks
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A group of two or more computer systems linked together with communications equipment.
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Data
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raw material- recorded, unformatted information, such as words and numbers
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Information
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Data that has been formatted and/or organized in some way as to be useful to people
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Knowledge
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A body of governing procedures, such as guidelines or rules, that are used to organize or manipulate data to make it suitable for a given task
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Wisdom
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Accumulated knowledge, gained through a combination of academic study and personal experience, that goes beyond knowledge by representing broader, more generalized rules and schemas for understanding a specific domain or domains; wisdom allows you to understand how to apply concepts from one domain to new situations or problems
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Computer -based information systems
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A combination of hardware, software, and telecommunication networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute data
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Technology
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Any mechanical and/or electrical means to supplement, extend, or replace human, manual operations, or devices (heating/cooling systems, braking system for cars, and a laser used for surgery)
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Information Technology
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Machine technology that is controlled by or uses information (programmable robot that receives instructions from a computer-based database)
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Chief Information Officer
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Executive-level individual who is responsible for leading the overall information systems component within an organization and integrating new technologies into the organization business strategy
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IS director
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Responsible for managing all systems throughout the firm and the day-to-day operations of the entire IS unit
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Division or account executive
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Responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of all aspects of IS within one particular division , plant, functional business area, or product unit
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Information center manager
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Responsible for managing IS services, such as help desks, hotlines, training, consulting, and so on
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Development manager
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Responsible for coordinating and managing a particular new systems project
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Project manager
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Responsible for managing a particular new systems project
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Maintenance manager
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Responsible for coordinating and managing all systems maintenance projects
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Systems manager
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Responsible for managing a particular existing system
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IS planning manager
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Responsible for developing an enterprise-wide hardware, software, and networking architecture and for planning for systems growth and change
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Operations manager
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Responsible for developing an enterprise-wide hardware, software, and networking architecture and for planning for systems growth and change
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Programming manager
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Responsible for coordinating all application programming efforts
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Systems programming manager
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Responsible for coordinating support for maintenance of all systems software (e.g., operating systems, utilities, programming languages, and so on)
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Manager of emerging technologies
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Responsible for forecasting technology trends and for evaluating and experimenting with new technologies
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Telecommunications manager
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Responsible for coordinating and managing the entire voice and data network
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Network Manager
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manages one piece of the enterprise-wide network
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database administrator
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manages database and database management software use
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Audit or computer security manager
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responsible for managing ethical and legal use of information systems within the firm
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Quality assurance manager
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develops and monitors standards and procedures to ensure that systems within the firm are accurate and of good quality
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Webmaster
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manages the firm's website
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What makes IS personnel valuable?
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They possess integrated knowledge in three areas: technical, business, and systems
Technical: hardware, software, & networking Business: Business integration, industry, managing people & projects Systems: systems integration, development methodologies, critical thinking, and problem solving |
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TPS (Transaction processing system)
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An information system designed to process day-to-day business-event data at the operational level of the organization
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MIS (Management Information System)
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1) A field of study that encompasses the development, use, management, and study of computer-based information systems in organizations. 2)An information system designed to support the management of organizational functions at the managerial level of the organization
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Digital Support System
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A special purpose information system designed to support organizational decision making
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Executive Information System
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An information system designed to provide information in a highly aggregated form so that managers at the executive level of the organization can quickly scan it for trends and anomalies
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Downsizing
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The practice of slashing costs and streamlining operations by laying off employees
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Outsourcing
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The moving of routine jobs and/or tasks to people in another firm, at less cost
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Strategic
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A way of thinking in which plans are made to accomplish specific goals
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Competitive Advantage
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A firm's ability to do something better, faster, cheaper, or uniquely when compared with rival firms in the market
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Globalization 1.0
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the first stage of globalization (fifteenth century through the 1800s), primarily driven by power from horses, wind, and steam. Countries (mainly European) were globalizing, shrinking the world from size large to size medium. Industries changed slowly and the effects of globalization on individuals were barely noticed.
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Globalization 2.0
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the second stage of globalization (1800 to 2000), driven by a reduction of transportation and telecommunication costs. Companies (mainly American and European) were globalizing, shrinking the world from size medium to size small. Changes were happening at a fairly slow pace.
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Globalization 3.0
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the third stage of globalization (starting around 2000), driven by the convergence of the ten “flatteners.” Individuals and small groups from virtually every nation were globalizing, shrinking the world from size small to size tiny. Changes are happening at a faster pace making people readily feel the effects of industry changes.
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The Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 9, 1989
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This wall was built to keep East German citizens from emigrating to West Germany, the “iron curtain” between Western and communist countries. It was an opening of the border between East and West Germany that also marked the end of the Cold War between communist and capitalist countries and the breakup of the Eastern bloc, freeing millions of people. Around the same time, Microsoft released the first version of the Windows operating system, which over time because the de facto world standard in PC operating systems, enabling people from all over the world to use a common computing platform.
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The Release of the Netscape Web Browser, August 9, 1995
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Enabled everyone who had a computer and a modem to view web pages. Later, people could also use email to communicate via the Internet. The open-source browser Mozilla Firefox and Netscape’s successor Flock are based on Netscape’s source code. During the final years of Globalization 2.0, the Internet really took off and at the same time, companies supplying the network infrastructure saw the need to provide more and faster connections, leading to an overinvestment in telecommunications infrastructure, such as fiber-optic cable. This burst of the dot-com bubble also helped make the transition from Globalization 2.0 to Globalization 3.0. This also made the cost of the Internet basically free.
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Work Flow Software
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Variety of software applications that allow for software –to-software interaction. Transactions could be handled without human intervention. Different computers on different operating systems could also communicate. Software such as Word and Adobe allow for information sharing, and the payment system of Paypal allow for a common global currency to fuel commerce.
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Challenges in operating in a digital world
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-Governmental
*Political- Market or planned economy? *Regulatory- taxes/tariffs, embargoes-limits or prohibits trade, export regulations- certain countries cannot get certain products, quotas- only certain number of products permitted *Data Sharing- Transborder data flowing *Internet Access- restricted in some countries -Geo-Economical- combination of political and economic factors *Different Time Zones *Lack of Infrastructure- roads and connectivity *Disparity of GNP- gap between rich and poor has widened *Variations and trends in Demographics- population in countries is getting older, large population in poor countries is unlikely to yield qualified labor force -Cultural *Varying national Cultures: Power Distance- how societies handle the issue of human inequality and sheds light on the inherent power structure within organizations and teams (high power distance- strong authority and autocracy) Uncertainty Avoidance- risk taking nature of a country in their willingness to adopt new technologies Individualism/Collectivism- extent to which a society values the position of an individual versus the position of a group Masculinity/ Femininity- Assertive/nurturance Concept of Time- longer term loves future rewards, shorter term focuses on the past and current situation Life Focus- quantity vs quality of life *Cultural Barriers- language, work culture, aesthetics, education, religions, social organizations Some countries view intellectual property as flattery when stolen |
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Business strategies and examples and the types of information system strategies that align with them.
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o Home replication- International business strategy that views the international business as extension of the home business
o Global business- An international business strategy employed to achieve economies of scale by producing identical products in large quantities for a variety of different markets o Multi-domestic- A decentralized international business strategy using a federation of associated business strategy using a federation of associated business units, employed to be flexible and responsive to needs and demands of heterogeneous local markets o Transnational- An international business strategy that allows companies to leverage the flexibility offered by a decentralized organization (to be more responsive to local conditions), while at the same time reaping economies of scale enjoyed by centralization; characterized by a balance between centralization and decentralization and interdependent resources. |
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Automating
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Using information systems to do an activity faster, cheaper, and perhaps with more accuracy and/or consistency
• Putting loan applications into the computer so the process is faster |
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Informating
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The ability of information technology to provide information about the operation within a firm and/or about the underlying work process that the system supports; doing things better
• Builds on top of automating; using loan processing, companies could distinguish between low and high performing loans |
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Strategizing
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The process of forming a vision of where the organization needs to head, converting that vision into measurable objectives and performance targets, and crafting a plan to achieve the desired results; doing things smarter
• Building on automating and informating, organization uses information systems to achieve the organization’s chosen strategy |
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Type of Competitive advantages, examples, and the role of IS in each
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o Low cost- Dell
o Focused Low Cost- Wal-Mart o Broad Differentiation- Nordstrom o Focused Differentiation- Macs are the best for education o Best Cost Provider- Target |
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Sources of competitive advantage:
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1. Best-made product on the market
2. Superior customer service 3. Achieving lower cost than rivals 4. Having a proprietary manufacturing technology 5. Having shorter lead times in developing and testing new products 6. Having a well-known brand name and reputation 7. Giving customers more value for their money |
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Globalization
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the integration of economies throughout the world
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The Productivity Paradox
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The observation that productivity increases at a rate that is lower than expected when new technologies are introduced
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Problems in measuring productivity of is
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o Measurement
• Firms may be measuring the wrong things; they measure system efficiency (faster, lower cost, little time) rather than system effectiveness (accomplishing goals well) o Time lags • Lags of two or three years are typical before strong organizational impacts of IS investments are felt; it takes time for people to learn to use new technologies & takes time for tangible benefits to be felt o Redistribution • IS may be beneficial for individual firms but not for a particular industry or the economy as a whole; redistributes the pieces of the pie rather than making the whole pie bigger o Mismanagement • May be a temporary bandage and may serve to mask or even increase organizational sack and inefficiency; bad business models cannot be overcome by good IS; rapid decrease in processing time enabled by IS can result in unanticipated bottlenecks |
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Making a business case of IS based on...
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o Faith- can be the most compelling; often hold that info system must be implemented in order to achieve the org’s strategy effectively and to gain or sustain a competitive advantage over rivals despite the cost of it
o Fear- involves competition; “we will go out of business if we do not implement this system” o Facts- provide a detailed cost- benefit analysis of the information system by identifying the costs and identifying the benefits (intangible and tangible) |
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TCO
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The cost of owning and operating a system, including the total cost of acquisition, as well as all costs associated with its ongoing use and maintenance
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Recurring vs. Non-recurring costs
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• Recurring- Ongoing costs that occur throughout the life cycle of systems development, implementation, and maintenance
• Non-recurring- One-time costs that are not expected to continue after a system is implemented |
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Tangible Vs. Intangible
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• Tangible- A cost of using a particular system or technology that is quantifiable
• Intangible- The cost of using a particular system or technology that is difficult to quantify |
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Uploading
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The ability of individuals and companies to actively participate in content generation on the Web
Linux operating system, Firefox web browswer- open-source community has made different software, as well as the software's source code, freely available to everyone wikipedia is a successful online encyclopedia- everyone can update it if they have internet wiki- websites allowing users to add, remove, or edit content and is now often used just like open-source dictionaries blogging |
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outsourcing
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the moving of routine jobs and/or tasks to people in another firm, at less cost
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offshoring
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certain functions performed by the same company, but in a different country
example- outsource customer services functions (call centers) to another country; accounting companies- India |
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Supply Chaining
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use of information systems to tightly integrate retailers, their suppliers, and their customers
Wal-Mart- RFID |
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in-Sourcing
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delegations of a company's logistics operations to a subcontractor that specializes in that operation
UPS- Nike.com, Toshiba |
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In-forming
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allows individuals to utilize powerful search engines on the Internet, such as google to build their own "personal supply chain of information, knowledge, and entertainment"
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The Steroids
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technologies that make different forms of collaboration "digital, mobile, virtual, and personal." This group of technologies amplifies all the enablers discussed previously ; people can collaborate more easily than ever before
example- the increase in computing power and storage capacity ex skype |
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Triple Convergence
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Between 2000 and 2003, the enablers started working together, sharing knowledge and work without regard to distance or geography, and soon even language
Then, this convergence enabled the move from vertical to horizontal collaboration, facilitating value creation and innovation people from other countries like China, India, former Soviet Union, could enter the playing field and connect and collaborate with others all over the world |
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Break-Even Analysis
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A type of cost-benefit analysis to identify at what point (if ever) tangible benefits equal tangible costs
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Net Present value Analysis
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A type of cost-benefit analysis of the cash flow streams associated with an investment
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Weighted multi-criteria analysis
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Method for deciding among different information systems investments or alternative designs for a given system, in which requirements and constraints are weighted based on their importance
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Proxy Variable
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Alternative measurements of outcomes, used when it is difficult to determine and measure direct effects
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Value of infrastructure
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o Economic- contribution an investment makes toward improving the infrastructure’s ability to enhance the profitability of the business
o Architectural- derived from an investment’s ability to extend the infrastructure’s capabilities to meet business needs today and in the future o Operational- an investment’s impact on enabling the infrastructure to better meet business processing requirements—do this by measuring the impact of not investing in a particular project o Regulatory and compliance- assessing the extent to which an investment helps to meet requirements for control, security, and integrity as required by a governing body or a key customer |
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Characteristics of Innovation
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Fleeting
Risky Choice is difficult |
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Organization Requirements for Innovation
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o Process- people must be willing to do whatever they can to bypass and eliminate internal bureaucracy, set aside political squabbles, and pull together for the common good
o Resource- must have enough employees available with the proper systems knowledge, skills, time, and other resources to deploy these systems o Risk tolerance- must have the appropriate tolerance for risk and uncertainty as well as the willingness to deploy and use new systems that may not be as proven and pervasive as more traditional technologies |
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Diffusion Innovation Chart
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S shaped curve; initially only a small group of “innovators” will adopt a new innovation; after some time, sales pick up as the innovators are followed by the “early adopters” and the “early majority”, and the increases in sales is strongest; then sales slowly level off when the “late majority” starts adopting the innovation; Finally, sales stay level as only the “laggards” are left to adopt the innovation
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Disruptive Innovations
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o New technologies, products, or services that eventually surpass the existing dominant technology or product in a market (Sears almost failed because of Wal-Mart)
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The E-Business Innovation Cycle
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The extent to which an organization derives value from a particular information technology over time
o Choosing- successful organizations first create jobs, groups, and processes that are all devoted to scanning the environment for new emerging and enabling technologies (information technologies that enable a firm to accomplish a task or goal or to gain or sustain competitive advantage in some way-disruptive innovations) o Matching- matches the most promising new technologies with current economic opportunities o Executing- the process of selecting among myriad opportunities to take advantage of the database and data storage advances and addressing the current opportunity to grab customers and market share o Assessing- assessing the value of that use of technology, not only to customers but to internal clients |
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Investments in Disruptive Innovations
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o Technology ahead of strategy- if you start with strategy and try to retrofit tech in it, you’re doomed; understand technology and develop strategy from there
o Technology ahead of marketing- given the rapid evolution of technology, your customers are not likely to know about new technologies and their capabilities o Continuous search for innovation- the process has to be ongoing; always on the lookout for the “next new thing” |
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Freeconomics
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o The leveraging of digital technologies to provide free goods and services to customers as a business strategy for gaining a competitive advantage
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Freeconomics: Advertising
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Free services are provided to customers and paid for by 3rd party (Yahoo’s banner ads, Google’s pay per click ads, Amazon’s pay-per-transaction “affiliate ads”)
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Freeconomics: Freemiums
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Basic services are offered for free, but a premium is charged for special features (Flickr, Skype, FreeDrive.com, Trillian)
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Freeconomics: Cross-Subsidaries
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Sale of one item is reduced in order to sell something else of value (Comcast DVR, Free theatre ticket for those willing to buy a large popcorn and beverage, Free Wii to those willing to buy 5 new games, Free cell phone with 2 yr contract)
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Zero marginal cost
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Products are distributed to customers without an appreciable cost to anyone (online music downloading at iTunes, software distribution, Video content on YouTube)
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Labor Exchange
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Services are provided to customers; the act of using the services creates value for the company (Yahoo! Answers, Google’s 411 service, Digg rating services)
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Gift Economy
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Environments are created that allow people to participate and collaborate to create something of value for everyone (Open-source software development, Wikipedia, Freecycle- free secondhand goods to anyone willing to haul them away
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
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Markup language (or special instructions with markups are called tags) used to display information in a browser
Markup refers to tags used for formatting objects on the page Not case sensitive Must close "almost" all "tags" Current Version 4.0 Editors- Notepad |
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Typical Elements in a Webpage
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Head
Body Headings Tables Hyperlinks Images And MORE! |
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Title
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<title> </title>
Embedded in HEAD Example - <title>My web page</title> |
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Headings
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<h1> </h1>
6 levels <h1> largest <h6> smallest Embedded in BODY Example <h1>Jim's Fishing Page</h1> |
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Unordered/ Bulleted List
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<ul>
<li>...</li> </ul> <ul type="disc" disc:darkened bullet (default) "square" "circle" <ul> <li>Sports</li> <li>Music</li> </ul> |
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Ordered/Numbered List
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<ol>
<li></li> <li></li> |
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Font Tag
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<font color=#739373" face="Arial" size=2>
Color Hexadecimal Code Red, Green, Blue 00 is the weakest, FF is the strongest #00FF00 green #000000 black #FFFFFF white <font color="red">Hello There</font> |
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Background color
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<body bgcolor=#FFCE9C">
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Internal Links
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<a href="#summary"><Click here to go to Summary</a>
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Mail to:
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<a href="mailto:blah@gmail.com">contact us</a>
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Tables
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<table></table>
<caption></caption> <thead></thead> <tbody></tbody> Row element <tr></tr> cells data <td></td> headings <th></th> Alignment <td align="center"> Columns <colgroup></colgroup> <col align="right"> <col span=4> rows <tr rowspan="2"> backgrounds <tr bfcolor="#8888FF"> |
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Horizontal Line
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<hr width="50%" size="+2">
<hr width="50%" size="+2" color="red" align="left"> |
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Web Page Design considerations
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Purpose of this page
Who is it for? What should it do? Organization of the page Organization of the site |
