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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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regeneration
- types of cells |
cells maintain replicative potential
- bone - GI mucosa - skin - liver |
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cell repair
- types of cells |
original tissue cannot be reconstituted and is replaced with scar tissue
- heart muscle - kidney - pancreas |
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angiogenesis
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growth of new blood vessels
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steps of repair
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1. inflammation
2. angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels 3. migration and proliferation of fibroblasts 4. scar formation 5. connective tissue remodeling |
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_________________ increase as neutrophils decrease in the area of tissue injury
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macrophages
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what are the distinguishing physical features of monocytes/macrophages?
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**** macrophages link the innate immune system to the acquired immune system***
- horseshoe shaped nucleus - recognize foreign material and presents antigens - small amount in blood (monocytes) b/c they migrate into tissue (macrophages) |
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granulation tissue
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wad of disorganized, thin-walled capillaries (the healing tissue under a scab)
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what is the function of fibroblasts?
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they produce the extracellular matrix (ECM)
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what is the most important component of ECM?
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collagen
- at first it is unorganized to give structure, then remodeling over time for more strength |
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Describe the process of closing a wound
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1. blood clot forms; neutrophils come in to remove foreign substances
2. new blood vessels sprout from existing vessels at edge of injury 3. fibroblasts come in and lay down ECM 4. (sometimes) fibroblasts contract scar tissue -> deformity |
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What are the two types of Chronic Inflammation?
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1. Non-specific chronic inflammation
2. Granulomatous inflammation |
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What is indicated by the presence of lots of lymphocytes?
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chronic inflammation
over time -> scar tissue |
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What are the distinguishing physical features of lymphocytes?
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- single nucleus fills nearly the entire cell
- primary cell involved in chronic inflammation - 25-35% of total WBC - do not phagocytose, their job is to recognize antigens and notify/recruit other WBC's |
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granuloma
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collection of macrophage surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes to wall off something that the body cannot handle
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Explain the meaning of Granulomatous Inflammation leading to limited differential diagnosis
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presence of granuloma indicates the presence of something the body cannot handle:
1. infectious (bacterial or fungal) 2. foreign substance 3. other (sarcoidosis= unknown cause) |
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What are te two type of acquired immunity?
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1. Humoral
- B cells, antibodies protect against EXTRAcellular microbes 2. Cell-mediated - T cells protect against INTRAcellular microbes |
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How does a B lymphocyte fight infection?
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1. antibodies on the surface recognize the microbe
2. microbe is engulfed 3. antibodies are secreted |
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How does a CD4 + helper T lymphocyte fight infection?
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1. lymphocyte recognizes a phagocyte containing a microbe
2. lymphocyte releases cytokines 3. cytokines trigger one of three responses: i. activation of macrophages ii. inflammation iii. stimulation of B lymphocytes |
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How does a CD8 + helper T lymphocyte fight infection?
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lymphocyte recognizes an infected cell containing a microbe and targets the cell for apoptosis
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How do lymphocytes recognize cells containing microbes?
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the microbe containing cell will present antigens that can be recognized by antibodies on the surface of the lymphocyte
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What are the two types of acquired immunity T-cells?
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1. cytotoxic T-cells (CD8) - kills cells infected by virus
2. helper T-cells (CD4) - activate B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells |
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What is the underlying cause of chronic granulomatous disease?
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people with CDG are incapable of producing oxygen derived free radicals, so bacterial killing by neutrophils and macrophages is impaired; patients develop granulomas to wall off infectious organisms
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How does HOV compromise the immune system?
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HIV infect helper T-cells
virus replicates until cell bursts, releasing viral particles into the bloodstream bone marrow can't keep up with producing enough healthy helper T-cells |
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aplastic anemia
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failure of bone marrow to produce any type of cells
result is no platelets so not clotting |
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leukemia
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neoplastic cells take over the bone marrow resulting in lack of platelets
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Iatrogenic
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physician induced immunity suppression
e.g chemotherapy, steroids |
