Inflammation I

Front 1

Innate immunity

Back 1

non-specific defense

Front 2

Inflammation is a ________________ response to injury

Back 2

non-specific response

Front 3

Aquired immunity

Back 3

response to a specific injurious agent

Front 4

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

- english & latin

Back 4

- redness - Rubor
- swelling - Tumor
- heat - Calor
- pain - Dolor

Front 5

neoplasia

Back 5

tumor

- often see a band of inflammatory cells at edge of tumor, possible they are an attempt to contain the tumor

Front 6

What are the two main events in acute inflammation?

Back 6

1. changes in vascular flow and ↑ permeability
2. leukocyte recruitment and activation

Front 7

Describe the vascular changes in inflammation. What is their cause?

Back 7

Histamine released from mast cells causes dilation of vessels in capillary bed
blood flow becomes sluggish, blood outflow decreases, and blood pools in the capillary bed

Histamine also causes endothelial cells to constrict, forming gaps between cells

Front 8

What is the most important leukocyte in acute inflammation?

What are its describing characteristics?

Back 8

Neutrophils

- segmented nucleus, with lysosomes in cytoplasm
- most numerous WBC's 50-70%

Front 9

What are the steps of macrophage movement into tissues?

Back 9

ADHESION:
1. Stasis- blood flow in capillary bed becomes sluggish
2. Margination- leukocytes move to periphery of blood column
3. Adherence- leukocytes roll along the endothelium then stick to it
TRANSMIGRATION:
4. Diapedesis- leukocytes extend pseudopods b/t endothelial cells and squeeze through vessel wall
MIGRATION
5. leukocytes travel through extravascular space to site of injury along a chemotactic gradient

Front 10

chemotactis

Back 10

movement of neutrophil through tissue to the area of inflammation

Front 11

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Back 11

1. receptors on leukocyte membrane recognize and bind to antigens on microbe
2. phagocyte membrane engulfs microbe
3. phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
4. lysosomal enzymes kill microbes

- when leukocyte products are released into tissue, they cause many disease states such as arthritis, vasculitis, atherosclerosis, gout

Front 12

What are the roles of leukocytes

Back 12

1. neutralize camaging agents
2. clean up debris (necrotic tissue)
3. stimulate the process of repair

Front 13

What is the complement cascade?

Back 13

a sequence of protein activation that follows one of three activation pathways and results in production of C3 convertase, which yields three possible outcomes:
1. C5a, C3a- inflammation
2. C3b- phagocytosis
3. MAC: lysis of microbe (membrane attack complex)

Front 14

What are the outcomes of arachidonic acid metabolism discussed in class?

Back 14

1. leukotrienes - vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, ↑ permeability
2. Prostacyclin - vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
3. Thromboxane - vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregation

Front 15

What are the two pharmaceuticals that interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism?

Back 15

1. steroids
2. COX inhibitors (aspirin, indomethacin)

Front 16

cachexia

Back 16

severe wasting

Front 17

What are the effects of cytokines?

Back 17

1. Local effects
- upregulate leukocytes
- enhance communication between WBC's
2. Distant effects
- acute phase reaction (cold, flu symptoms)
- tell other cells what to do