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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major arachidonic acid pathways?
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Lipoxygenase
Cyclooxygenase |
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What to the leukotrienes do?
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Vasoconstrict
Bronchospasm Increase vascular permeability |
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What does leukotriene B4 do?
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It is the strongest chemotactic factor.
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What does thromboxane A2 do?
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Vasoconstriction
Promotes platelet aggregation |
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What does prostacyclin do?
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Inhibits platelet aggregation
Vasodilation |
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What does prostaglandin do?
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Increases vascular permeability
Increases vasodilation |
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What enzyme in the arachidonic acid pathway does steroids inhibit?
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Phospholipase
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What important chemokines do macrophages secrete?
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IL-1
TNF-alpha |
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What are the features of an exudate?
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Increased vascular permeability
High protein and cell debris Specific gravity > 1.020 |
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What are the features of a transudate?
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Normal vascular permeability
Increased hydrostatic prsessure Low protein (mostly albumin) Specific gravity < 1.012 |
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What are the vascular changes seen during inflammation?
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Transient vasoconstriction.
Vasodilation Exudation of protein rich fluid Blood stasis Margination Emigration/Transmigration |
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During inflammation, how do vessels become permeable?
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-Endothelial cell contraction (histamine)
-Direct endothelial injury -Leukocyte dependent endothelial injury -Increased transcytosis of fluid (VEGF) -Leakage from new vessels (angiogenesis) |
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What are leukocyte cellular events during inflammation?
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-Margination and rolling
-Adhesion and transmigration -Migration into interstitial tissue |
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Which molecules have weak and transient binding and results in rolling?
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Selectins
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Which moleculues have firm binding and results in adhesion?
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Integrins
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What is an important reason for WBC margination?
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Slow blood flow.
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Which integrins mediate adhesion?
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ICAM-1
VCAM-1 |
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Which integrins mediate transmigration?
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ICAM-2
PCAM-2 (CD31) |
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In what type of vessel does transmigration occur?
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Venules
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What is diapedesis?
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Cells crawling across the endothelial lining.
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What is the defect associated Leukocte adhesion deficiency 1 (LAD-1)?
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Decreased Beta chain of CD11/CD18 integrin. Neutrophils from patients can roll but not stick.
-Transfuse patients with normal neutrophils |
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What is the defect in Chronic Granulomatous disease?
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-Defect in NADPH oxidase system.
-Young men with infections and granulomas at biopsy. -commonly X-linked (membrane) -some AR(cytoplasm) -Tetrazolium blue test |
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What is the defect in Chediak Higashi disease?
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There is a defect in chemotaxis and lysosomal defects.
-Defect in cells with granules -defect in melanosomes (oculocutaneous albinism) -lymphoproliferative disorders |
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What are the end products of the kinin cascade started by Facter XIIa?
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Bradykinin
Plasmin Complement cascade-C3A |
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What does bradykinin do?
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-Increases vascular permeability
-Arteriolar dilatation -Smooth muscle contraction |
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What is the role of the complement system in inflammation?
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-Increases vascular permeability and vascular dilation
-Activates lipoxygenase pathway (c5a) -Leukocyte activation, adhesion, and chemotaxis -Phagocytosis- c3b acts as an opsonin and promotes phagocytosis |
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What are some complement related diseases?
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- problems with DAF - PIGA mutation -> defective GPI - Ham test - CD 55 and CD59 Hereditary angiodedema -C1 inhibitor deficiency (inability to produce DAF) decay accelerating factor |
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What cells are histamines found in and what do they do?
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Mast cells, basophils, platelets
-cause arteriolar dilation and venular endothelial contraction |
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What cells produce serotonin and what do they do>
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Platelets, similar function as histamine
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What does platelet activating factor do(PAF)?
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-Induces aggregation of platelets
-Causes vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction -100 to 1,000 tims pre motent than histamine in inducing vasodilation -Enhances leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation |
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Which cells produce NO?
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Endothelium
Macrophages Specific neurons |
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What can NO do?
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-Vasodilation
-Decrease platelet aggregation -Inhibits mast cells -Regulates leukocyte recruitment |
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What cells are considered labile (continuously dividing?
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Epidermis, mucosal epithelium, GI tract epithelium
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What cels are considered stable - low level of replication
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Hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelium,
pancreatic acini, spleen |
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What cells are considered permanent cells-never divide?
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Nerve cells
cardiac myocytes skeletal mscle |
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What factors influence healing?
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-Nutrition - vit.C
-Metabolic status -diabetes hinders -Circulatory status -Hormones-steroids/glucocorticoids inhibit -Infection -Mechanical stress -Foreign bodies -Size, location, and type of wound |
