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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Movement of fluid electrolytes oxygen and nutrients out of the capillaries at the arterial end is based on... |
Hydrostatic Pressure |
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Movement of fluid carbon dioxide and other waste into the blood at the venous end occurs because of |
Osmotic pressure |
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Inflammation |
The body's none specific response to tissue injury resulting in redness swelling warmth pain and sometimes a loss of function |
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1st step of inflammation |
Bradykinin is released from the injured cells |
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2nd step of inflammation |
Bradykinin activates pain receptors |
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3rd step of inflammation |
Sensation of pain stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine |
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4th step of inflammation |
Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation |
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5th step of inflammation |
Breaking skin allows bacteria to enter tissue |
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6th step of inflammation |
Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria |
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7th step of inflammation |
Macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytose microbes |
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Histamine |
Source: Mast cell granules -immediate vasodilation -increased capillary permeability to form exudate |
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Chemotactic factors |
Source: mast cell granules -attract neutrophils to site |
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Platelet activating factor (PAF) |
Source: cell membrane of platelets - activate neutrophils & platelet aggregation |
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Cytokines (interleukins, lymphokines) |
Source: T lymphocytes, macrophages -increase plasma proteins, ESR, induced fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis |
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Leukotrienes |
Source: synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells -later response vasodilation and increase capillary permeability, chemotaxis; prolongs the inflammation |
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Kinins (bradykinin) |
Source: activation of plasma protein -vasodilation, pain, chemotaxis |
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Prostaglandins (PGs) |
Source: synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells - vasodilation, pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect |
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Complement system |
Source: activation of plasma protein cascade -vasodilation, chemotaxis, increased histamine release |
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Diapedesis |
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries typically, accompany inflammation |
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Neutrophils |
Phagocytosis of microorganisms |
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Basophils |
Release of histamine leading to inflammation |
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Eosinophils |
Numbers are increased in allergic responses |
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Lymphocytes |
Activity |
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Monocytes |
Phagocytosis |
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Macrophages |
Active in phagocytosis; these are mature monocytes that have migrated answer tissues from the blood |
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Exudate |
A collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area |
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Which exudate increases the risk of scar tissue? |
Fibrinous exudate |
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Purulent exudate is often referred to as |
Pus |
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Abscess |
A localized pocket of pus or purulent exudate |
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What leads to the local effect of pain in inflammation? |
Increase pressure of fluid on nerves and the release of chemical mediators such as bradykinin |
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Edema |
Swelling; shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space |
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What are some characteristics that separate chronic inflammation from acute inflammation? |
Less swelling and exudate - more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts - more tissue damage and more scar tissue |
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NSAID |
- has anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic activities - he used to treat inflammation and the musculoskeletal system - treatment of choice in dental procedures |
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What are the three healing types? |
Resolution, regeneration, replacement |
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Resolution |
-occurs when there is minimal tissue damage - tissue returns to normal within a short period of time |
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Regeneration |
-occurs in damage tissue in which the cells are capable of mitosis - maybe limited if the organization of a complex tissue is altered |
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Replacement |
- takes place when there is extensive tissue damage - the cells are incapable of mitosis |
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Healing by first intention |
The wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, and the edges are held close together creating a minimal gap between the edges |
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Healing by second intention |
A large break in the tissue, a longer healing period, and formation of more scar tissue |
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What is the role of collagen and what components produce it? |
The fibroblasts and connective tissue are producing it and the role of collagen is a basic component of scar tissue and as a strengthening component for new repair |
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What are some key characteristics of fibroblasts? |
Aids in the production of collagen with connective tissue - aids in the production of growth factors with macrophages -Promotes development of new blood vessel growth in healing tissue - stimulates proliferation and migration of epithelial cells |
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Complications due to scar tissue |
- loss of function - contracture and obstructions - adhesions (bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated) - hypertrophic scar tissue - Ulceration |
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Contracture |
Lost of movement of a joint which may result in fixation and deformity -due to rigid nature of scar tissue |
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First degree burn |
Damage the epidermis and may involve the upper dermis |
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Second degree burns (partial thickness burn) |
Destruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis |
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What happens when stable coverage of a burn wound is quickly accomplished? |
Healing is more rapid and scarring is decreased |
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How are burns classified? |
By the percentage of body surface area damage and the depth of the skin damage in the burn area |
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Changes in blood with inflammation |
Increase number of leukosites, increase of plasma proteins, c-reactive proteins are present (not normally in blood); increase erythrocyte sedimentation rate, cell enzymes released from necrotic cells, differential WBC count |
