Inflammation 2

Front 1

From where are neuropeptides released and what do they do?

Back 1

Sensory neurones - produce neurogenic inflammation

Front 2

Name two neuropeptides that activate mast cells?

Back 2

Neurokinin A

Substance P

Front 3

What is the function of calcitonin gene-related peptide?

Back 3

Potent vasodilator

Front 4

At what concentration are cytokines found at?

Back 4

Sub-nanomolar (less than 1 x 10-9)

Front 5

Where to cytokines act?

Back 5

Kinase-linked receptors

G-protein coupled receptors

Front 6

Name the pro-inflammatory interleukins (type of cytokine) and state their prime role in inflammation).

Back 6

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Interleukin 1 family (IL1-alpha, IL1-beta, IL1ra)

ra = receptor antagonist

Role is to stimulate the release of more cytokines.

Front 7

Which disorders may you find increased pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Back 7

Rheumatoid arthritis

Irritable bowel disease

Front 8

What are the anti-inflammatory interleukins?

Back 8

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)

IL-4, IL-10, IL-13

Front 9

When are interferons released and what is their main role?

Back 9

During viral infection - stimulate anti-viral processes

Front 10

Name a recombinant interferon used as treatment.

Back 10

Virbagen omega - Used in feline immunodeficiency and leukaeimia and parvovirus in dogs

Front 11

What are the main roles of chemokines?

Back 11

Control movement of leukocytes

Can also cause mast cell degranulation

Front 12

How could a virus exploit the chemokine system?

Back 12

Mimicry (HIV)

Receptor antagonist

Front 13

What is the function of Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)?

Back 13

Cause proliferation and differentiation of haemopoetic cells into specific blood cells (normally leukocytes)

Front 14

Can CSF be used clinically?

Back 14

Yes - they stimulate leukocyte production

(e.g. Dogs with (cyclic) neutropenia can get G-CSF following chemotherapy)

Front 15

What are eicosanoids generated from and how longis the carbon chain on their precursor?

Back 15

Phospholipids - 20C fatty acids

Front 16

Name 3 eicosanoids. Which of these are prostanoids?

Back 16

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

First 2 are prostanoids

Front 17

What enzyme changes phospholipids into arachidonic acid before its transformation into an eicosanoid?

Back 17

Phospholipase A2

Front 18

What can activate phospholipase A2?

Back 18

Bradykinin

Thrombin

Antigen-antibody on mast cells

Complement C5a

Cell damage

Front 19

What does the letter and number indicate when naming prostaglandins?

Back 19

Letter = Basic structure

Number = Number of C=C bonds

Front 20

How many C=C when arachidonic acid is the precursor?

Back 20

2

Front 21

What acts on arachidonic acid before it becomes a stable prostaglandin/thromboxanes?

Back 21

Cyclo-oxygenase - forms PGG2 then PGH2 before vaious enzymes act to make them specific.

Front 22

What is another name for PGI2 and how long does it take to decay?

Back 22

Prostacyclin - spontaneously decays to form inactive metabolites in 5 minutes

Front 23

How are all arachidonic acid prostaglandins (aside from PGI2) metabolised?

Back 23

Enzymes - happens within minutes

Front 24

When are the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase expressed?

Back 24

COX-1: In most cells

COX-2: Expression induced by inflammatory factors

Front 25

What would make a better use for anti-inflammatories than non-selective drugs?

Back 25

Selective COX-2 inhibitors

Front 26

Which prostaglandin 2 is the only one to be a vasuclar constrictor (as opposed to relaxant).

Back 26

PGF2-alpha

Front 27

Which prostaglandin 2 is a bronchial dilator?

Back 27

PGE2

Front 28

Which enzyme forms thromboxane A2 from PGH2?

Back 28

TXA2 synthase

Front 29

What are the main functions of TXA2?

Back 29

Vasoconstriction

Bronchoconstriction

Induce platelet aggregation

Front 30

What soon happens after TXA2 is formed?

Back 30

Spontaneous hydrolysis within 30 seconds - forms TXB2 which is inactive

Front 31

Name 2 anti-inflammatory leukotrienes.

Back 31

Lipoxins A and B

Front 32

What enzyme forms lipoxins from 15-HETE?

Back 32

Lipoxygenase

Front 33

What inhibits lipoxygenase? Give an example.

Back 33

5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors e.g. zileutin

Front 34

What can LTA4 be converted to? Which of these can go on to undergo further reactions and what name is given to them?

Back 34

LTB4 or LTC4

LTC4 can go on to form LTD4, LTE4 and LTF4

These are called cysteinyl leukotrienes

Front 35

Where are leukotrienes produced?

Back 35

Leukocytes, mast cells, lungs and platelets

Front 36

What are the two receptor classes for leukotrienes, and to which ones do the attach?

Back 36

BLT for LBT4

CysLT for the others

Front 37

What does activation of LBT4 cause?

Back 37

Activation and targeting of leukocyte and cytokine production.

Front 38

What does activation of Cys-LT cause?

Back 38

Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 39

Name the 2 Cys-LT antagonists. What is it used to treat?

Back 39

Zafirlukast

Montelukast

Treats asthma

Front 40

What is recommended to use alongside Cys-LT antogonists?

Back 40

Glucocorticoid or bronchodilator

Front 41

What enzyme forms lyso-PAF from acyl-PAF?

Back 41

Phospholipase A2

Front 42

Aside from platelet activation, what is the function of Platelet-activating Factor?

Back 42

Stimulates TXA2 production by platelets

Vasodilation

Vascular permeability

Bronchoconstriction

Leukocyte activation

Front 43

Name a PAF receptor antagonist.

Back 43

Lexipafant

Rupatadine (also H1 antogonist)