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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes you to suspect testicular hypoplasia?
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Small scrotal circumference of one/both of the testes
Testis is small and FIRM |
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What are some features of testicular hypoplasia?
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Decreased/Absent spermatogenesis
Small, FIRM testis Normal libido Heritable |
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How do you treat testicular hypoplasia?
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You don't! Cull them
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What makes you suspect Testicular degeneration?
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Decreased scrotal circumference
Testis is small and SOFTER than normal |
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What are some features of testicular degeneration?
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Abnormal spermiogram: detached heads, midpiece droplets, bent tails, poor progressive motility
May be temporary or permanent Acquired etiology |
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What are some Etiologies of Testicular Degeneration?
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1. Local/Systemic infection
2. Elevated/ Decreased testicular temperature 3. Nutritional deficiencies (Vitamin A, Phosphorus, protein, energy) 4. Vascular lesions (torsion, arteritis) 5. Occlusions (epididymis) 6. Autoimmune disorder 7. Old age (8-10y) 8. Exogenous hormones (androgens) 9. Neoplasia |
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What is the most common cause of Testicular Abcesses?
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Arcanobacter pyogenes!
When you see purulent material, think A. pyogenes! Via hematogenous spread 30-40% of animals have a + blood culture, but normally clear it--- CLOTS CAUSE ABCESSES! |
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When does Epididymal disease happen in the bull?
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Usually unilateral and involves the tail
May occur in conjunction with orchitis or seminal vasculitis May have congenital absence (segmental aplasia) |
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What age and agent is common with Seminal vasculitis?
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Commonly YOUNG bulls
Most commonly caused by: A. pyogenes (also Histophilus somnus, IBR) |
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What are the clinical signs of Seminal Vasculitis (acute v. chronic)
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Acute: may have anorexia and peritonitis, teeth grinding, pain on palpation
Chronic: No external clinical signs. May see pus in semen, decreased fertility, enlarged/firm glands |
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How do you treat Seminal vasculitis?
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Young bulls: may recover spontanenously
Older bulls: chronic and nonresponsive Can treat with Anti-inflammatories (flunixin) Surgical removal Formalin injection Cull |
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What is the etiology of penile warts?
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Fibropapillomatosis-- Viral etiology
NOT associated with warts on the rest of the body Seen in young bulls-- won't pass BSE |
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What is the treatment of penile warts?
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CO2 laser is effective
Vaccine doesn't help prevent it (NOT systemic!) |
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What is the etiology of a persistent frenulum (penis)?
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May be hereditary
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What do you do with bulls with a persistent frenulum?
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Cull, or only use as a terminal sire (calves going to market, and not to be retained as part of breeding herd)
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What can cause inflammation of the penis (balanoposthitis/posthitis)?
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Abrasions
Granular posthitis/balanoposthitis (BHV1) |
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What are the 2 types of penile deviations?
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1. Spiral deviation (apical ligament slips to the side)
2. Rainbow deviation (apical ligament too long/weak attachment) |
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How do you treat a penile deviation?
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Sx-Harvest the fascia lata, expose the dorsal ligament of the penis, suture the graft in place, close the penile mucosa
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What is the cause of a "Broken penis"?
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Penile hematoma:
A transverse tear on the dorsal surface, opposite the attachment of the retractor penis m, causes rupture of the tunica albuginea with escape of blood from the CCP Caused by a downward deviation of the penis while erect during an attempted mating |
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How do you medically treat a broken penis?
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50% return to service following 90d sexual rest and antibiotics
Parenteral antibiotics for at least 10d (Excede-- long acting cephalosporin) |
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How do you surgically treat a broken penis?
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Only for valuable bulls within the 1st 7 days of injury
Under gen. anesthesia, RL recumbency Debride and suture edges of the rent Observe penis for desensitization post-op 70-80% return to service |
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What causes an Erection failure?
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defect in the tunica albuginea that allows blood to drain away from the CCP
usually multiple small vascular shunts |
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How do you diagnose and treat erection failure?
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DX: Contrast radiography (cavernosogram)
TX: Sx repair for simple shunts |
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What causes a Preputial avulsion?
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usually after use on an AV, see partial/complete separation of the prepuce from the free end of the penis
Requires IMMEDIATE repair- if not within 2d can cause preputial stricture |
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What is hypospadias?
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Defective urethra that doesn't extend to the tip of the penis
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Why are penile abcesses bad?
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Usually secondary to preputial laceration
Poor prognosis due to adhesions/stricture |
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What breeds commonly get Preputial Prolapse?
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Brahman
Brahman X Polled Hereford Angus |
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What predisposes a bull to preputial prolapse?
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1. Pendulous sheath
2. Long prepuce 3. Large preputial orifice 4. Absence of the retractor prepuce mm. (polled breeds) |
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What is the etiology of preputial prolapse?
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1. Bulls with an exposed prepuce may develop abrasions and lacerations on the prepuce due to environmental factors
2. Laceration of the prepuce during breeding (bunching on excess tissue) |
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How do you medically treat a prolapsed prepuce?
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1. Soak it in warm dilute betadine/epsom salt solution
2. Coat with ointment (lanolin +scarlet oil, preparation H) 3. If it can be replaced, put a drain tube in the preputial cavity and tape it in place with elastikon to the haired part of sheath 4. if you can't replace the prolapse, cover with stockinette and pressure wrap to decrease edema/swelling 5. Place pessary tube to keep prepuce from occluding so urine can get out |
