Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Definition of infertility?
|
Hetrosexual couple who had had unprotected sex without (1) getting pregnant or (2) maintaining a pregnancy.
|
|
|
Percentage of married couples who are infertile?
|
15%
|
|
|
Causes of couple infertility?
|
- 35% mom
- 35% dad - 15% both - 10% unknown |
|
|
Percentages of female infertility?
|
20-24: 4.1%
30-34: 9.4% 35-39: 20% |
|
|
Causes of female infertility?
|
1. Failure to ovulate
2. Tubal blockage 3. Absence of implantation 4. Miscarriage 5. Reduces sperm transport 6. Abs to sperm |
|
|
Why failure to ovulate?
|
Hypothalamic (GnRH) or pituitary (LH/FSH) problem.
|
|
|
Treatment of failure to ovulate
|
- GnRH therapy
- clomid (= anti-estrogen) inhibits negative feedback est. (30-35% succesful) - human menopausal gonadopropin: contains LH/FSH. After: hCG (50-70%) |
|
|
Causes of tubal blockage?
|
2nd leading reason.
- scarring due to STI - endometriosis |
|
|
Treatment tubal blockage?
|
- gas blown in
- transcervical balloon tuboplasy (like dotteren) - surgical repair |
|
|
Causes for absence of implantation?
|
- uterine surface not receptive
|
|
|
How make the uterine surface more receptive?
|
By priming uterus with right doses of est/pro.
|
|
|
Percentage of pregnancy loss/miscarriage
|
- 50-75% b/f or soon after implantation
- 15% of known pregnancies |
|
|
Reason of loss pregnancy
|
- Mainly: chromosomal abnormality
- Immunological reasons? Perhaps parental MHC? |
|
|
Define male infertility
|
- low sperm count (main cause)
- poor sperm transport |
|
|
Causes of low sperm count
|
Hormonal (hyp/pit)
Treatment: GnRH angonist or clomiphene. Damage to testes: - physical injury - cryptochodism - past infection testes - radiation/chemo - toxins |
|
|
Possible environmental factors influencing low sperm count in males?
|
- Smoking
- Xenoestrogens - Anabolic steroids - Excessive alcohol consumption |
|
|
What could be an immunological explanation for low sperm count?
|
Due to exposure of other tissue to sperm after injury: autoimmunological.
In 8-13% |
|
|
Chromosomal explanation for low sperm count?
|
1 out of 1000 men: miss part of Y chromosome
|
|
|
What does ART stand for?
|
Assisted reproductive techniques
- Artifical insemination (AI) - IVF - preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) - Gamete or zygote intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) - surrogate mothers and gestational carriers |
|
|
Difference AI and IVF?
|
AI: sperm injected in vagina
IVF: in vitro + embryo placed back. Chance for twins. |
|
|
What is the succesrate for IVF?
|
25-30%
In 35-40% twins. |
|
|
When is GIFT/ZIFT used
|
Oviduct blockage.
All imserted proximal from blockage. |
|
|
What is the difference between a surrogate mother and a gestational carrier?
|
Surrogate: genetically related (sperm from father)
Gestational: embryo implanted |
